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The study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body
Physiology
Explains the processes and functions of the various structures and how they interrelate with one another
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Anatomical Terminology
Terms that specifically locate a structure
Anteriorto face forward Cranialtoward the head Caudaltoward the tail Superiortoward the head or above Inferiorlower, below another Medialtoward the midline Lateraltoward the side Proximalnearest the trunk Distalfarthest from the trunk Superficialnearer the body surface Deepfarther away from the body surface
Mosby items and derived items 2011, 2006, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 3
Anatomical Terminology
Body planes
Sagittal
Divides the body into right and left halves
Coronal
Divides the body into front and back halves
Transverse
Divides the body into caudal and cranial portions
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Figure 41-2
(From Thibodeau, G.A., Patton, K.T. [2008]. Structure and function of the body. [13th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Anatomical Terminology
Body cavities
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Stomach, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and a large portion of the intestines Lower portion of the intestines, urinary bladder, and internal structures of the reproductive system
Pelvic
o
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Anatomical Terminology
Body cavities (continued)
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
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Slide 7
Figure 41-3
(From Thibodeau, G.A., Patton, K.T. [2008]. Structure and function of the body. [13th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Location and subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral body cavities as viewed from the front (anterior) and from the side (lateral).
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Abdominal Regions
Nine abdominal regions
Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region
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Slide 9
Figure 41-4
(From Thibodeau, G.A., Patton, K.T. [2008]. Structure and function of the body. [13th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Physicians and other health professionals
frequently divide the abdomen into four quadrants to describe the site of pain or locate internal pathology
Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant
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Slide 11
Figure 41-5
(From Thibodeau, G.A., Patton, K.T. [2008]. Structure and function of the body. [13th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
The abdomen divided into right and left upper quadrants and right and left lower quadrants.
Mosby items and derived items 2011, 2006, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 12
Chemical level
Atoms Molecules
Cellular level Tissue level Organs System level Organism (human being)
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Structural parts
Plasma membrane
Keeps cell whole and intact Selectively permeable Sticky, fluid-like substance between the plasma membrane and the nucleus Contains organelles o Tiny functioning structures o Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, centrioles
Cytoplasm
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Figure 41-7
(From Herlihy, B., Maebius, N.K. [2007]. The human body in health and illness. [3rd ed.]. Philadelphia: Saunders.)
A typical cell.
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Largest organelle Responsible for cell reproduction and control of other organelles Surrounded by nuclear membrane Contains nucleoplasm Nucleolus
Critical in formation of protein
Chromatin granules
Composed of protein and DNA
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Slide 16
Golgi apparatus
Packaging plant
Packages certain carbohydrate and protein compounds into globules, then releases them outside of the cell
Centrioles
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Slide 18
Mitosis
Reproduction of cells One cell divides to form two daughter cells Chromosomes
Located in the nucleus Carry genes responsible for the organisms traits Each body cell contains 46 chromosomes Each exists in pairs (one from the father and one from the mother)
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Slide 19
Active transport
Movement of material across the membrane of a cell by means of a chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be able to enter Requires energy
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Slide 21
DiffusionSolid particles in a fluid move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration OsmosisThe passage of water across a selectively permeable membrane, with water molecules going from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution FiltrationThe movement of water and particles through a membrane by force
Mosby items and derived items 2011, 2006, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 22
Figure 41-11
. (From Thibodeau, G.A., Patton, K.T. [2007]. natomy and physiology. [6th ed.]. St. Louis: Mosby.)
Osmosis.
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Epithelial tissue
Covers outside of the body and some internal structures Functions
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Simple squamous
Alveoli of lungs and lining of vessels
Simple columnar
Lining of stomach, intestines, and respiratory tract
Stratified squamous
Lining of mouth and esophagus; surface of skin
Stratified transitional
Urinary bladder
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Slide 25
Connects
Joins tissues or structures to the body
Types
Areolar Adipose Dense fibrous Bone Cartilage Blood
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Slide 26
Skeletal
Voluntary; attached to bones Involuntary; form the heart Involuntary Lining of internal organs (blood vessels, stomach, intestines, uterus)
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Cardiac
Smooth (visceral)
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Glial cells
Support and nourish the neurons
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Slide 28
Epithelial membranes
Mucous membranes
Line body surfaces that open to the outside Nose, mouth, urinary tract, reproductive tract, etc. Secrete mucus Thick, slippery material Keeps membranes soft and moist Protects against bacterial invasion Lubricant in GI tract
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Slide 29
Two layers
Parietal membrane (lines the wall of the cavity) Visceral membrane (covers the surface of the organ)
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Slide 30
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Integumentary
Skin Hair Nails Sense receptors Sweat glands Oil glands
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Muscular system
Muscles
Nervous system
Brain Spinal cord Nerves
Circulatory system
Pituitary glands Pineal gland Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Parathyroids Thymus Adrenals Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male)
Mosby items and derived items 2011, 2006, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 34
Respiratory system
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anal canal
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Slide 38
Gonads
Testes
Genital ducts
Vas deferens Urethra
Accessory glands
Prostate
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Slide 39
Gonads
Ovaries
Accessory organs
Uterus Fallopian tubes Vagina
Vulva