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Management, 10/e
John R. Schermerhorn, Jr. Chapter 2: History of Management Thought
Prepared by: Jim LoPresti University of Colorado, Boulder Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
management thinking? What insights come from behavioral management approaches? What are the foundations of modern management thinking?
Classical approaches to
management include:
Taylor)
Develop rules of motion, standardized work implements, and proper working conditions for every job. Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job. Carefully train workers and provide proper incentives. Support workers by carefully planning their work and removing obstacles.
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 5
Gilbreths)
Motion study
management
Make results-based compensation a performance incentive Carefully design jobs with efficient work methods Carefully select workers with the abilities to do these jobs Train workers to perform jobs to the best of their abilities Train supervisors to support workers so they can perform jobs to the best of their abilities
future. Organization to provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan. Command to lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan. Coordination to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved. Control to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action.
unbroken line of communication from the top to the bottom of the organization.
Unity of command each person should receive orders from only one boss. Unity of direction one person should be in charge of all activities with the same performance objective.
Weber)
Bureaucracy
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Characteristics
of bureaucratic organizations:
Clear division of labor Clear hierarchy of authority Formal rules and procedures Impersonality Careers based on merit
Excessive paperwork or red tape Slowness in handling problems Rigidity in the face of shifting needs Resistance to change Employee apathy
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Parker Follett)
Groups and human cooperation: Groups are mechanisms through which individuals can combine their talents for a greater good. Organizations are cooperating communities of managers and workers. Managers job is to help people in the organization cooperate and achieve an integration of interests.
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 12
Follett)
Forward-looking management insights: Making every employee an owner creates a sense of collective responsibility (precursor of employee ownership, profit sharing, and gain-sharing) Business problems involve a variety of interrelated factors (precursor of systems thinking) Private profits relative to public good (precursor of managerial ethics and social responsibility)
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 13
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
Hawthorne studies
Initial study examined how economic incentives and physical conditions affected worker output.
Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
Hawthorne studies (cont.) Employee attitudes, interpersonal relations and group processes.
Some things satisfied some workers but not others. People restricted output to adhere to group norms.
Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
A need is a physiological or psychological deficiency a person feels compelled to satisfy. Need levels:
Physiological Safety Social Esteem Self-actualization
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
Deficit principle
Progression principle
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
Dislike work Lack ambition Are irresponsible Resist change Prefer to be led
Willing to work Capable of self control Willing to accept responsibility Imaginative and creative Capable of selfdirection
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
Implications of Theory X and Theory Y: Managers create self-fulfilling prophecies. Theory X managers create situations where workers become dependent and reluctant. Theory Y managers create situations where workers respond with initiative and high performance.
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Study Question 2: What insights come from the behavioral management approaches?
Classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality. Management practices should accommodate the mature personality by:
Increasing task responsibility Increasing task variety Using participative decision making
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developments in management
Systems view of organizations Contingency thinking Commitment to quality and performance Learning organizations
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research
Linear programming calculates how to allocate scarce resources among competing uses
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research
Queuing theory allocates service personnel/workstations to minimize service cost and customer waiting time
Network models break large tasks into smaller components for for better coordination
Organizations as Systems
System
Collection of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose. A smaller component of a larger system.
Subsystem
Open systems Organizations that interact with their environments in the continual process of transforming resource inputs into outputs.
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Contingency thinking
Tries to match managerial responses with problems and opportunities unique to different situations.
No one best way to manage. Appropriate way to manage depends on the situation.
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 30
Quality and competitive advantage are linked. Comprehensive approach to continuous quality improvement for a total organization. Creates context for the value chain.
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 31
ISO certification
Global quality benchmark. Refine and upgrade quality to meet ISO standards Continual search for new ways to improve quality Something always can and should be improved on
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 32
Continuous improvement
Organizational Learning
Knowledge management is the process of using intellectual capital for competitive advantage
Portfolio of intellectual assets include patents, intellectual property rights, trade secrets, and accumulated knowledge of the entire workforce.
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Learning organizations
Organizations that are able to continually learn and adapt to new circumstances. Core ingredients include:
Mental models Personal mastery Systems thinking Shared vision Team learning
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People oriented value people as human assets Team oriented achieve synergy through teamwork Information oriented mobilizes the latest information technology
Management 10/e - Chapter 2 35
oriented focuses on the needs of customers and stakeholders oriented operates with internal culture that respects and facilitates learning
Learning
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Evidence-Based Management
Making management decisions on hard facts about what really works
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