Enhancing Capacity for Integrated Assessment and Planning for Sustainable Development in Colombia: Agricultural Trade Liberalization and

its relationship with Biodiversity and Poverty Alleviation

UNEP Initiative on Capacity Building for Integrated Assessment and Planning for Sustainable Development Mid-term Review Meeting Geneva, February 16-17, 2005

Brief Description of the Project

Objective

To analyze the effects of the liberalization of agricultural trade on biodiversity, the sustainability of small scale farmers, and possible structural changes in agriculture and cattle production.

Brief Description of the Project

Expected outcome
Analysis of the decision planning process related with agricultural trade liberalization. Analysis of the process of incorporating biodiversity and poverty criteria on the decision making process. Identification of trends in, opportunities created by, and threats from the liberalization process. Identification of alternatives for implementation of priorities Achievement of agreements with the decision makers. Identification of policy mechanisms.

National Steering Committee

Government institutions leading the project
The project is led by

The Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development, and the National Planning Department. Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Ministry of Interior and Justice

With the collaboration of Colombian Agricultural Institute Interamerican Institute for Agricultural Cooperation

Semillas Group

Description of the Project Process

Feed back system for continuous improvement Monitoring and control Indicators Selection of priority sectors

Methodology for Integrated Assessment Interinstitutional Coordination Identification of links between sector, environment, biodiversity and social aspects

Official Implementation

Stakeholders Analysis

Participatory identification and construction of the proposals Priorities and Consensus

Identification of key instances for decisions

Alternatives Analysis (trends, threads, opportunities)

Identification of links between sector, environment, biodiversity and social aspects

Priorization
TRADE NEGOCIACIONES NEGOTIATIONS COMERCIALES

Structural changes in agricultural production Effects over small scale farmers Food Security and AgroBiodiversity.

MEA AMUMAS

Main Links
Productive Structures

BD Food Security small scale farmers

Selection of priority sectors

Key Economic, Social and Environmental Issues

Integrated Assessment
Trade
Agricultural

Biodiversity
Ecosystems Land use Productive systems Genetic Resources

Poverty
Income/ Employment

Food Security

Agricultural Biodiversity

Agriculture is the most closely related sector to Biodiversity

Stakeholder Analysis

Description and Rationale of the Planning Process The Free Trade Agreement US And the Agricultural Internal Agenda

This planning process was selected because: The FTA is a concrete liberalization policy instrument. Colombia is currently involved in FTA negotiations with the US which will influence various aspects of long term national development policies. It presents a unique opportunity to influence a process of this magnitude on the domestic level

Description and Rationale of the Planning Process

Decision Planning Process for the Internal Agenda
FTA NEGOTIATING TEAM DIRECTIVE COUNCIL

TECHNICAL SECRETARY
NPD

PUBLIC FORUMS

REGIONAL

SECTORAL

THEMATIC

Main gaps and weaknesses

Substance
The overall purpose is clear, but the planning process of the FTA and the Internal Agenda is not sufficiently open, as it hardly involves local communities. The FTA and Internal Agenda has separated chapters related to Economic, Environmental and Social issues but does not consider this issues in an integrated manner.

Main gaps and weaknesses of the process

It is not clear the participation of marginalized, weak, minority groups, in particular local communities. the flow of information on the planning process related with such groups. the role of these groups inside the trade policy objective which are going to be their expectative and opportunities after the FTA. Despite the important dissemination instruments, the information related with the FTA and IA does not reach rural communities. Despite the effort, the process is not supported in a substantial budget that allows a wider participation. As well, the timeline has been very tight.

 Government Partners

National Planning Department

Directorate of Rural Sustainable Development (primary beneficiary)

Ministry of Agriculture (NSC) Ministry of Commerce (NSC)

Stakeholder Involvement
Ministries (environment, interior, commerce, agriculture):

Guide the project

Provide Information Identify priorities Participate in national workshops

National Planning Department Guide the project Provides Information Identifies priorities Helps with methodologies Participates in national workshops Regional Authorities (Agricultural Agencies Umatas - regional) Logistical support Convoke local community meetings Provide Information Participate in workshops Academic institutions (Javeriana University Cega): Provide Information Help with methodologies Participate in workshops NGOs: Convoke farmer & farm association meetings Participate in workshops

Other agricultural authorities (ICA, Corpoica) Guide the project Provide Information Identify priorities Participate in national workshops Private sector (Fedepalma Fedipapa)

Provide Information
Study partners

Local communities: (Individual Farmers & Farm Associations) Participate in workshops

International Institutions (IICA) Logistical support Provides Information Helps in methodologies Participates in workshops

Stakeholder Involvement Methods for stakeholder consultations and involvement

Workshops & Meetings Consultations & Interviews WEB page
http://www.humboldt.org.co/chmcolombia/servicios/jsp/comercio_agr icola/

Description of the Project Process

Activities undertaken
Background document: main relationships and priorities Official Project Launch held in Aug 2004 First National Workshop held in Sep 2004:
Presentation of the methodology - The UNEP team participated Local communities (farmers), regional agricultural authorities and related NGOs.

Two regional Workshops

Tools and methods

The Integrated Assessment was focused on the small scale farms . The main focus is to find the economical, ecological and social relationships Deficiencies - Lack of information on agrobiodiversity, production systems, food security - Financial resources - No information available for small scale farmer

Qualitative Tools Workshops with marginalized and weak represented groups to wide their participation on the planning process. Quick Agro Ecological Assessments Validation of linkages by perception (Mental Maps) Semi Structured Local Market Surveys Literature Reviews Quantitative Tools In order to analyze the linkage of the effect of the agricultural trade policy on the land use conflict. Production Function Approach Geographic Information System Tools (Desired)

Qualitative Tools

Conceptual framework for food security and its relationship with Trade
Global Food Availability National Net Imports of Food National Food Production TRADE Growth, Employment, Income distribution global

Government Revenues

national

National Food Availability

Household Food Access Food Security Nutrition Security Care

Household Incomes Other Basic Needs

household & individuals

Health

individuals
Source: IFPRI, TMD Discussion Paper No.59, 2000

Food Insecurity causes on rural families

Low food availability and consumption on the family

Low production for self-consumption

Low crop yields Low Soil Productivity Inappropriate technologies Scarce land endowment Lack of Permanent employment

Low purchasing power to buy food

Low Incomes Low Salaries Low Sales revenues High food prices Geographic Isolation Lack of Surplus for sale No market for their products

Inadequate soils for crops Inadequate use of soils

Lack of knowledge

Seasonal Activities

Low labor capacities

Lack of inputs

High work demand

Source: FAO. 2001. Gua para la gestin municipal de programas de seguridad alimentaria

Quick Agro Ecological Assessments

Literature Reviews
How does public policy affect the ESE issues? 1990 - 2000

Tra 4000000 3500000

Colombia:Af 4.5 4 3.5 3

C 120 100

Distribution of small scale farmer production

Co lo m b ia : D istr ib u c i n de la su p er ficie c u ltiva d a p o r lo s c am p e sin o s. 2 0 02
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 S u ro c cid e nt a l A nd in a A m a zo n a Ca rib e O cc id e nt e p ac f ic o O rin oq u a O rie nt al A n d ina Ce n tro A n din a

Datos tomados de Forero y otro s 2002 Fuente: Base de dato s Minagricultura y Desarro llo Rural E labor: IAvH - LV E

P o rc e nt aje

Participation of small scale farmers production

Surface
Variable

Share o

Superficie cosechada

Small scale farmers and indigenous communities agrobiodiversity

ESPECIES Y VARIEDADES CULTIVADAS POR COMUNIDADES CAMPESINAS E INDIGENAS DE ESPECIAL INTERS PARA LA ALIMENTACIN

Productos con estadsticas MADR (1991-2001)

Tratado FAO

Grupo Semillas

Lista de cultivos alimentarios Variedades locales de cultivos manejadas por (Anexo I) organizaciones y comunidades campesinas e indigenas R. Andina1 R. Caribe2
22 (--, 100, 41) (--, 5, --) (34, 12, 46) (20, 8, 22) (--, 8, --) (21, --, --) X X (22, --, --) 16 (8, --, --) 10 12 32

Arroz: Secano Manual / Total Papa Cebada Frjol Maz Trigo Caa de Azcar ame Pltano Yuca Caf
1

X X X X X X

Especies y variedades cultivadas por organizaciones locales de la Zona Cafetera, la Provincia Garca Rovira de Santander y el ecosistema de la Laguna de la Cocha en Nario. En parntesis se indca las especies y variedades encontradas en las zonas mencionadas: (Z. Cafetera, Santander, Nario), se relacionan slo aquellas que coinciden con los cultivos que tienen estadsticas oficiales. Adaptado de: Grupo Semillas (2004) "Cultivando la Diversidad en Colombia", Proyecto Cultivando la Diversidad, Bogot, 2004, p. 33 Variedades de los cultivos tradicionales manejados por las comunidades indgenas y campesinas de la regin Caribe, se relacionan slo aquellas que coinciden con los cultivos que tienen estadsticas oficiales. Adaptado de: Grupo Semillas (2004) "Cultivando la Diversidad en Colombia", Proyecto Cultivando la Diversidad, Bogot, 2004, p. 48
2

COLOMBIA: rural poverty and food security

Rural population: 1938 = 70%; 1990 = 30%; 2001 = 25.5% Agricultural sector: 13.4% GDP (Producto Interno Bruto) One of the countries with worst income distribution in Latin America Increasing unemployment In 2000, statistics show a return to poverty levels from 1988

INDICADOR DE

Desempleo Urba Nacional

2002
Fuente: DANE

Rural Urbana

9,7 9,1

COLOMBIA: rural poverty and food insecurity

The contribution of imported food to the total daily per capita provision was almost duplicated between 1991 and 2001, from 10,1% to 19.6%
Imported food participation: cereals 50.5%; oils and fats 42%; vegetables (leguminosas) 60.5%

Although the nutritional status of children less than 5 years has been improved, persists the problem of chronic undernourishment intensified in rural areas
EVOLUCION DE LA DESNUTRICIN EN NIOS(AS) MENORES DE CINCO AOS 1986 NIVELES DE DESNUTRICIN
CRNICA Talla Para la Edad TOTAL URBANA RURAL 16.6 15.0 12.5 19.1 13.5 10.8 19.4

1995

2000

GLOBAL Peso Para la Edad

TOTAL URBANA RURAL

10.1

8.4 6.6 11.4

6.7 5.7 8.9

AGUDA Peso Para la Talla

TOTAL URBANA RURAL

2.9

1.4 1.0 2.1

0.8 0.7 1.0

Fuente: MINISTERIO DE SALUD y PROFAMILIA. Encuesta Nacional de Demografa y Salud, Colombia.

Conflict of Land Use

Transformation of habitats and ecosystems
Forest Pasture Agric. Others 69 13 16 2 53 43.7 2.4 48 35 4 13 54 36 4.4 5
Fuente: IGAC 1998.

Usos

Potencial

1932

1998

2000

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Potential 32 98 2000

Forest

Agriculture

Pasture

Other

Scenarios

Positive Scenario

Negative Scenario

Preliminary Results
Planning Process Rural and marginalized communities feel distant towards the decision planning process Considerable negative expectations regarding results of FTA negotiations due to asymmetric information flows Change of perceptions when information is provided

Social Small scale farmers near extinction - Under-estimation of importance of Farm Economies - Decrease in the quality of food supply Economic Substantial decrease on rural income and employment Environmental and BD Lost of traditional practices Higher pressure for incremental production. More usage of agro chemistry inputs Expansion of agriculture frontier (Increase of pressure over natural eco-systems) Productive systems less friendly with Biodiversity Loss of agriculture biodiversity

Preliminary Recommendations
To successfully influence in the four main strategies of the Internal Agriculture Agenda
Land & Water
Land Planning Tools con BD criteria Value of Local communities function
Instruments for assessment of the importance of the environmental services provided by Farm Economies (e.g. In-Situ Conservation of Agrobiodiversity)

Technological Innovation & Sanitary Admissibility

Conversion to Friendlier Production Systems An agenda for Ecological Agriculture investigation Stable Legal frame Farmers rights Capacity Building Incentives for in-situ conservation Conversion to Friendlier Production Systems

Transaction Costs

Planned Activities and Next Steps

P illars E c o no m ic S o c ial E nviron m e n tal / B io d ivers ity In c o m e - E m p lo y mF oo d S e c urityA gric u ltura l B iod ivers ity - La n d U s e C o nflic e nt P os itve S c en a rio N eg a tive

Planned Activities and Next Steps

At least two more Regional Workshops Possibility of a Sub-sectorial workshop Evaluating the viability of implementation of a Geo-referencing Information System tool Economic Studies Build up of policy recommendations for the Internal Agenda