EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE Man civilisations, settlements and Broad characteristics

ARC 015 : HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - I

LECTURE 1 AR.SHRUTI.H. KAPUR

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
HOW IT STARTED SETTLEMENTS EVOLUTION HISTORICAL PERIODS THE TRIO MESOPOTAMIA,EGYPT,INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

HOW IT STARTED
WE HAVE HAD A HISTORY OF HAVES AND HAVE NOTS

IN HISTORY WE MAY REFER TO EVOLUTION OF EVERYTHING STARTING FROM THE UNIVERSE TO THE OLD CITY IN A PRESENT DAY METROPOLITAN. CIVILISATION HAS ORIGINATED FROM civitas MEAN ING SETTLEMENTS IN LATIN. FROM TIMES IMMEMORIAL WE HAVE BEEN TRAPPED IN THE CENTRE OF A TRIANGLE COMPRISING

RELIGION

NAT OF POLITICS , ECONOMICS AND RELIGION . URA L MAN RES OUR POLITICS ECONOMICS CES

 HOW IT STARTED RELIGION

MAN
POLITICS
THE

NATU RAL RESO URCE S

ECONOMICS

VARIOUS ERAS GENERALLY REFER TO THE MATERIAL USED (Generally the kind of material used Money /Barter System) THE HUMAN EVOLUTION WAS DONE BY 8000 BC. BY THEN, THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT-FAMILY HAD EMERGED.

SETTLEMENTS

STONE AGE
The term "Stone Age" was used by archaeologists to designate this vast pre-metallurgic period whose stone tools survived far more widely than tools made from other (softer) materials. The subdivision into the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. These three periods are further subdivided. In reality, the succession of phases varies enormously from one region (and culture) to another, indeed, humanity continued to expand into new areas even during the metal ages.

PALEOLITHIC PERIOD

evidence. WOOD FIRE Hunting and collecting

ECONOMY

9000 BC Earliest stage of human culture for which we have

vegetables.

Food gathering
BEEHIVE ,CAVE STRUCTURES

WINDBREAKS,

No agriculture, no domestication of animals. Skin clothes(No Textile) Stone utensils(No metals) Bone, Wood and Stone tools made by chipping

WINDBREAK (CORE

HUT

No

knowledge of social organisation, religion and intellectual life except late cave painting and burials indicate belief in magic (Life after death) Our knowledge based upon - Implements , animal / human bones.

TOOLS from simple rock) vFLAKE TOOLS Flake knocked off from the core vBLADE TOOLS core prepared by striking off long // edged blades. CORE TOOLS vPrincipal implements-axes, scrapes,points, long blades with roughly parallel edges.

BLADE TOOLS

SHELTER AND HABITAT

Around 2 million years ago, Homo habilis is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 500 thousand years old was discovered at Terra Amata, near Nice, France. Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe
A structure with a roof supported with timber, discovered in Dolni Vestonice, The Czech Republic, dates to around 23,000 BC. The walls were made of packed clay blocks & stones. Many huts made of mammoth bones were found in Eastern Europe and Siberia. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to 10000 BC, in the Magdalenian, was discovered at Plateau Parain, France.
the Dniepr river valley of Ukraine, including near Chernihiv, in Moravia, Czech Republic and in southern Poland.

MESOLITHIC PERIOD(8000-5000 BC)

Disappearance of ice sheets and Paleolithic Period. ECONOMY-partly modified in some parts with influence of new climatic condition. Big Animals on which Paleolithic man depended disappeared. Ice retreat opened new regions for new settlements. Stone implements of much smaller sizes preferred Also Geometric shapes used (Mieroliths) Movement of People in this age. Invention of grinding Stone in Late Mesolithic Domestication of animals before pottery
6000 BC in Iran, Iraq, Mesopotamia 5000 BC in Europe

Period lasted for several thousand years until Neolithic

ens, single-chambered, were graves with inventions Marked by 3 significant a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large

NEOLITHIC PERIOD (5000-2000 BC)

Universal adoption of techniques for
Producing food Grinding stone Making pottery

Result- MAN STOPPED TO BE A NOMAD

Assured food supply made man SEDENTARY and led to population growth SETTLEMENTS in new areas.

Changed conditions made possible

Accumulation of possessions. Election and satisfaction of new needs. Leisure for invention and speculation Growth of large settlements ,communities and cities. STONEHENGE

International trade and eventually establishment of political units larger than traditional city , Increase in dependency on local self sufficiency

 The Neolithic, New Stone Age, was characterized by the adoption of agriculture, the so-called Neolithic Revolution, the development of pottery, polished stone tools and more complex.

The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BC in the fertile crescent. Agriculture and the culture it led to spread to the Mediterranean, the Indus valley, China and Southeast Asia Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls. These show that there was sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to

STONE HENGE

CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD
Begin using Copper but stone still principal implement Village transform into towns Cultivation to oxen and plough farming Development of Art of Copper Metallurgy
4500 -3500BC in Ancient Near East Around 2500 BC in Europe

BRO N ZE AG E
C o p p e r / B ro n ze

a s g e n e ra l m a te ri lfo r to o l & a s W eapons I n n o t kn o w n ro

IRON AGE
Iron replacing Bronze as principal element for implements and weapons Rare eg. Of early ornaments made of ferrous origin known Beginning of this age coincides with Christian Era and Birth of Mohammed

T h e I n A g e i e a ch a re a e n d s w i th e b e g i n i g o f th e ro n th n n h i ri l p e ri d , i e . th e l ca l p ro d u cti n o f a m p l w ri n sto ca o . o o e tte so u rce s. T h u s, fo r i sta n ce , th e B ri sh I n A g e e n d s w i n ti ro th th e R o m a n C o n q u e st

Pottery of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages

EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE

Endeavour of man to protect from rough weather/changing seasons ~ Mother of Architecture.

VITRUVIUS - Imitate nests of birds & lairs (den) of beasts ,

commencing with arbour of twigs covered with mud then huts formed of branches of trees covered with turf.
OTHER HISTORIANS

Three types of primitive dwellings

Caves/rocks occupied for hunting , fishing Hut for the agriculturist and Tent for those leading a nomadic life.

EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENTS
S o m e o f th e e sse n ti l fo r u p co m i g o f a ci l sa ti n as n vi i o a re :

WATER TOPOGRAPHY AGRICULTURE / FOOD ORIENTATION SURPLUS

GRAINS CATTLE MONEY MANPOWER

EVOLUTION
THE VARIOUS ERAS GENERALLY REFER TO THE MATERIAL USED (Generally the kind of material used Money /Barter System) THE HUMAN EVOLUTION WAS DONE BY 8000 BC. BY THEN, THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT-FAMILY HAD EMERGED.
PALEOLITHIC AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE PLASTIC AGE

8000 BC

3000 BC

150 1000 0 BC BC

1000 AD

NEOLITHIC AGE

HISTORICAL PERIODS
Ancient history
Mesopotamia (3500 BC - 559 BC) Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC - 1300 BC) Old Kingdom (Egypt, 3000 BC - 2000 BC) Middle Kingdom (Egypt, 2000 BC - 1300 BC) Shang Dynasty (China 1800 BC - 1200 BC) Vedic Period (India 1500 BC - 500 BC) New Kingdom (Egypt, 1550 BC - 1070 BC) Zhou Dynasty (China 1200 BC - 500 BC) Ancient Greece (Greece and Near East, c. 3300 BC- 31 BC, (However had settlements as far back as 9000BC) Jomon period (Japan 800 BC-400 BC) Ancient Rome (509 BC - 476) Yayoi Period (Japan 400 BC - 300) Kofun Period (Japan 300- 600) Migration Period (Europe 200 - 700)

Middle Ages (Europe, 4th century - 15th century)

CIVILISATION
A civilization is a society or culture group normally defined as a complex society characterized by the practice of agriculture and settlement in towns and cities. Compared with other cultures, members of a civilization are commonly organized into a diverse division of labor and an intricate social hierarchy. "Civilization" is often used as a synonym for the broader term "culture" in both popular and academic circles. Every human being participates in a culture, defined as "the arts, customs, habits... beliefs, values, behavior and material habits that constitute a people's way of life Every society, civilization or not, has a specific set of ideas and customs, and a certain set of items and arts, that make it unique. Civilizations have even more intricate cultures, including literature, professional art, architecture, organized religion, and complex customs associated with the elite.

PRODUCTS OF CIVILISATIONSa lin te ra ctio n , T h e ci l za ti n s b e l e fs, m o ra lsta n d a rd s, so ci vi i o i

a tti d e s, va l e s a n d so ci lco n sci u sn e ss. tu u a o

ART CULTURE

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE & CIVILISATION

Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are an important link in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about a past civilization through other means. Cities, regions and cultures continue to identify themselves with (and are known by) their architectural monuments.

THE TRIO
The three large alluvial systems of the TigrisEuphrates, the Nile and the Indus supported three great ancient civilizations which formed a part of a unified economic system T h e cra d le o f civ iliza tio n is a n y o f th e p o ssi l l ca ti n s fo r th e e m e rg e n ce o f b e o o civiliza tio n . It is u su a lly a p p lie d to th e A n cie n t
N e a r E a ste rn C h a l l th i ( Ubaid period , co i c N a q a d a cu l re ), e sp e ci l y i th e F e rtile tu al n C re sce n t ( Levant and Mesopotamia ), b u t
a l exte n d e d to si s i A n a to l a a n d th e so te n i Pe rsi n P l te a u , b e si e s o th e r A si n cu l re s a a d a tu si a te d a l n g l rg e ri r va l e ys, n o ta b l th e tu o a ve l y

In d u s R iv e r in In d ia n S u b co n tin e n t a n d th e Y e llo w R iv e r in C h in a .

MESOPOTAMIA
Of the three great civilizations, that of Mesopotamia (first the Sumerian and later the Babylonian and Assyrian) is both the earliest in origin and in many ways the best understood,

us by more than 4,000 years, the inheritance of ancient Sumer can still be recognized in today's traditions. Since many of the practices and beliefs of Sumer were passed on

accessible through archaeology and through written documents. The Mesopotamian culture though separated from

today's culture. Specific traits that we can trace back to Sumer include, in the field of

to the Babylonians and Assyrians and hence through contact and deliberate borrowing to the Hittites, the Phoenicians and finally the Greeks, some have reached

mathematics, positional numeration where the value of a number is determined by its position in a sequence of numbers (as in the decimal system), and the sexagesimal system by which we divide the clock and the circle, and in the world of religion, the concept of the creative power of the divine word and the story of the Universal Flood.

MESOPOTAMIAN -EGYPTIAN
In Sumer there were 15-20 large cities, each surrounded by smaller towns, villages and hamlets. Urban conglomerations of populations, monumental architecture and writing were all in existence by 3500 BC In Egypt we do not know of any cities of the early period, but the later pattern was one of a few major cities and both medium-sized and small settlements in between, arranged in this case in a linear pattern (imposed by the nature of settlement along the single valley of the Nile, in contrast to the pattern arising in the dual river system of Mesopotamia or the multi-river system of the Indus area) Mesopotamian cities, with their winding lanes and their appearance of having grown up as circumstances required, without benefit of a preconceived town plan

INDUS VALLEY & HARRAPAN

Writing is not known before the mature Harappan phase (dated 2500 BC)
I n

th e I d u s a re a , b y co n tra st to S u m e r, n th e re w e re tw o e n o rm o u s m e tro p o l se s a n d i a h o st o f sm a l e r se ttl m e n ts, w i n o l e th m e d i m -si d to w n s i b e tw e e n u ze n T h e ci e s l o k ri i , a l o st m i i ry l o ki g ti o g d m l ta o n l yo u t o n th e i g ri i n p l n a r d ro a

SIMILARITIES
There were contacts between Mesopotamia and the other two areas but these had no more than peripheral influence, affecting some aspect of the style of the developing civilizations. What similarities exist are all on the conceptual level: the practice of irrigation agriculture, the existence of cities, of monumental art and architecture, of writing, the use of