Motor Starter Principles & Techniques

Presenter :

Whats a Motor Starting and stopping Starter ? of a motor

Protection of devices against effects of electrical faults Ensure safety of personnel

Maximize continuity of service Isolation Disconnection from LV source Short Protect against damages circuit caused by high fault current protection

O/L Protection Switching Power Control

Protection against effects of overload current On load breaking Making & breaking of current drawn by the load

Type of Motor Starters

Common Motor Starters CONVENTIONAL Methods

Direct-On-Line (DOL) Star / Delta Auto-transformer Primary resistance

ELECTRONIC Methods
Soft Starters Variable Speed Drives

The choice of starting method depends on the application (starting time, type of motor, torque, fixed / variable speed...

Direct-On-Line
Starters
o Motor is connected directly to line with a contactor and a thermal overload relay o Easy to install, usually for motor < 30kW o High starting torque & the motor draws very high peak x I I start = (5 to 8) current
fu a ll-lo d

Power Circuit
L1 L2 L3

Control Circuit

Q1

I >I >I>

K TOR

Direct-On-Line
Starters
Torque/Speed Curve Current/Speed Curve

Direct-On-Line
2 Components DOL Starter
Isolation + Protection : Surion GP..B Switching : Contactor Series M/CL

Starters
L1 L2 L3 Q1

3 Components DOL Starter

Short-circuit Protection : RecordPlus MCCB Switching : Contactor Series CL/CK Thermal Overload Protection : RT

L1 L2 L3 Q1

I> I> I>

I> I> I>

K TOR

Star-Delta starters
Pre-requisites for Star-Delta Starters:
o Motor stator windings must terminate in 6 terminals o Motor windings must be rated at Line voltage when connected in delta

U1 V1 W1

A1 B1 C1

W2 U2 V2

C2

A2 B2

Star-Delta starters
Asynchronous Squirrel cage motor
U1 V1 W1
Star Circuit Delta Circuit

L1
U1

L1
U1 W2

U2 V2 W2 U2 W1 V2

W2 U2 V2
V1 W1

L3

L2

L3

V1

L2

START

RUN

Star-Delta starters
Torque/Speed Curve Current/Speed Curve

o Starting current is reduced to 1/3 o Starting torque is reduced to 1/3 o Reduce mechanical stress on the machine and on the load

Star-Delta starters
Power Circuit Control Circuit

Auto Transformer starters

o Motor is started at a reduced voltage and has 3 stages o Commonly used for high power motors (>100kW) o Expensive solution because of the autotransformerI DOL I start = n2 x
M M M

1st Stage
L1 L2 L3

2nd Stage
L1 L2 L3

3rd Stage
L1 L2 L3

Solid State Soft Starters

o Step-less smooth acceleration from START to RUN o Possibility to have deceleration control too o Adjustable starting current and starting

torque
o Reduced mechanical stress to the entire system by eliminating the sudden changes in currents

Solid State Soft Starters

Solid state soft starters ASTATplus

Comparison of motor starters

Conventional Starters Solid State Starters

Comparison of motor starters

Utilization Categories

Utilisation Categories
They define the making and breaking conditions at Rated Operational Current (Ie) and at the Rated Operational Voltage (Ue). They depend on: The nature of the load to be switched (resistive, squirrel cage motor, etc) The conditions under which making and breaking occurs (motor started or stalled, reversing direction of operation, etc)

Utilisation Categories

Classes of TOR

Tripping classes for TOR

Coordination of Motor Starters

Whats the purpose of Coordination ?

The Objectives: When short-circuits are encountered, the motor starter must : Interrupt swiftly

equipment Minimize down-time

Eliminate danger to personnel and

- cut repair cost - cut equipment replacement costs

Whats a Coordinated Starter?

1/L1 3/L2 4 3 4 3 V1 4

Contactor Thermal Overload Relay

2 6 W1 6 5 6 5

Level of Coordination :
For a load, the coordination depends on : The electrical environment The selection of the motor starter components

Contactor

- F1

Thermal Overload Relay

U1

short circuit Protectio n device

I
- KM1

> I> I >

5/L3

Optimum Combination of : Short circuit protective device

Coordination of the Protection devices (Coordination Standard IEC 60947Priority 4-1) for Protection for PERSONNEL & PROPERTY:
Successful interruption of fault No fire hazard

Equipment :
Limit the extent of damage to the starter No damages to conductors, terminals, mounting base, etc

Reduce Downtime :
Continuity-of-service to increase productivity

IEC60947 defines 2 levels of Coordination

IEC 60947-4-1
Type 1 Coordination Type 2 Coordination

Type 1 Coordination (IEC60947-4-1)

By definition:

Under short-circuit conditions, the contactor or starter shall cause no danger to persons or installation and may not be suitable for further service
NO danger to persons or installation Contactor and/or Thermal Overload Relay may be damaged Before restarting, the starter may need to be checked/repaired

Type 2 Coordination (IEC60947-4-1) By definition :

Under short-circuit conditions, the contactor or starter shall cause no danger to persons or installation and shall be suitable for further use. The risk of contact welding is recognized, in which case the manufacturer shall indicate the measures to be taken as regards the maintenance of the equipment

Warning!!.. Worst Case..

No Coordination means

Highly DANGEROUS

In the event of short-circuits HIGH RISK to operators HIGH RISK to the installation; and All motor starter components will have to be replaced before restarting

What do we recommend? NO Coordination

TYPE 1 Coordination TYPE 2 Coordination

When to use what?

Depending on the operating conditions encountered The Goal : to strike a balance between the users needs and the cost of components

Type 2 coordination

Thermal/Magnetic Trip unit with Class 10 TOR

Type 2 coordination

Electronic Trip unit (SMR2) with Class 10 TOR

Type 2 coordination

MagBreak Trip unit with Class 20 TOR

COMPARISION
IEC 60947-4-1
DANGER -> DAMAGE -> persons / installation HIGH Contactor/ TOR

No Coordination 1 Type
RISK
NO May be NO

Type 2
NO NO YES simple check NO

Suitable for further use Before restarting-> STARTER -> readjust setting STARTER

must be replaced checked/repaired

C O M P A R IS O N

Highly DANGEROUS
Worst

Low cost OK

Reliable Best

Summary
Overview of conventional motor starters
DOL starters Star-Delta starters Auto-trans starters Solid-State starters

Utilization categories of contactors and classes of TOR

AC1 to AC4 Class10, 10A, 20 & 30 Type1 & Type 2

Co-ordination of motor starters