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May 2005
Special Numbers
Slide 1
May 2005
Special Numbers
Slide 2
H2O
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Are the following numbers atoms or molecules? For molecules, write down the list of atoms:
2 7 12 17 22
3 8 13 18 23
4 9 14 19 24
5 10 15 20 25
May 2005
12 = 22 3 Molecule 13 = 13 Atom 14 = 2 7 Molecule 15 = 3 5 Molecule 6 Atom 19 = 19 Molecule 27 = 33 11 30 = 2 3 5 16 32 = 25 MoleculeMolecule Atom 47 = 47 21 50 = 2 52 Molecule 70 = 2 5 7 Molecule Special Numbers Slide 4
Primes appear to be randomly distributed in this list that goes up to 620. Primes become rarer as we go higher, but there are always more primes, no matter how high we go.
May 2005
Special Numbers
Slide 5
Ulams Discovery
73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 74 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 64 75 44 21 20 19 18 17 36 63 76 45 22 7 6 5 16 35 62 77 46 23 8 1 4 15 34 61 78 47 24 9 2 3 14 33 60 79 48 25 10 11 12 13 32 59 80 49 26 27 28 29 30 31 58 81 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Stanislaw Ulam was in a boring meeting, so he started writing numbers in a spiral and discovered that prime numbers bunch together along diagonal lines
May 2005
Primes pattern for numbers up to about 60,000; notice that primes bunch together along diagonal lines and they thin out as we move further out
Slide 6
Special Numbers
Ulams Rose
Primes pattern for numbers up to 262,144. Just as water molecules bunch together to make a snowflake, prime numbers bunch together to produce Ulams rose.
May 2005 Special Numbers Slide 7
The two columns whose numbers are potentially prime form this pattern when drawn in a spiral
6k 1 6k + 1 Pattern
May 2005
Color all boxes that contain multiples of 7 and explain the pattern that you see.
2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86 92 Special Numbers 3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69 75 81 87 93 4 10 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 88 94 5 11 17 23 29 35 41 47 53 59 65 71 77 83 89 95 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 Slide 9
73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65
74 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 64
75 44 21 20 19 18 17 36 63
80 49 26 27 28 29 30 31 58
81 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Color the multiples of 3. Use two different colors for odd multiples (such as 9 or 15) and for even multiples (such as 6 or 24).
May 2005
Color all the even numbers that are not multiples of 3 or 5. For example, 4 and 14 should be colored, but not 10 or 12.
Slide 10
Special Numbers
Perfect Numbers
A perfect number equals the sum of its divisors, except itself 6: 28: 496: 1+2+3=6 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248 = 496
An abundant number has a sum of divisors that is larger than itself 36: 60: 100: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 18 = 55 > 36 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 30 = 96 > 60 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 25 + 50 = 117 > 100
A deficient number has a sum of divisors that is smaller than itself 9: 23: 128:
May 2005
For each of the numbers below, write down its divisors, add them up, and decide whether the number is deficient, abundant, or perfect.
Number Divisors (other than the number itself) 12 18 28 30 45 Sum of divisors Type
Challenge questions: Are prime numbers (for example, 2, 3, 7, 13, . . . ) abundant or deficient? Are squares of prime numbers (32 = 9, 72 = 49, . . . ) abundant or deficient? You can find powers of 2 by starting with 2 and doubling in each step. It is easy to see that 4 (divisible by 1 and 2), 8 (divisible by 1, 2, 4), and 16 (divisible by 1, 2, 4, 8) are deficient. Are all powers of 2 deficient?
May 2005 Special Numbers Slide 12
When adding or multiplying does not make a difference. You know that 2 2 = 2 + 2. But, these may be new to you: 1 1/2 3 = 1 1/2 + 3 1 1/3 4 = 1 1/3 + 4 1 1/4 5 = 1 1/4 + 5
May 2005 Special Numbers
Playing around with a number and its digits: 198 = 11 + 99 + 88 153 = 13 + 53 + 33 1634 = 14 + 64 + 34 + 44
Slide 15
Continue these patterns and find out what makes them special. 1 1+3 1+3+5 1+3+5+7 1+3+5+7+9 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 1 3+5 7 + 9 + 11 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41 43 + 45 + 47 + 49 + 51 + 53 + 55
May 2005
Special Numbers
Do the following multiplications: 4 1738 = _______ 4 1963 = _______ 18 297 = _______ 28 157 = _______ 48 159 = _______
May 2005
Numbers as Words
We can write any number as words. Here are some examples: 12 Twelve 21 Twenty-one 80 Eighty 3547 Three thousand five hundred forty-seven 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eight Five Four Nine One Seven Six Ten Three Two Zero Three Nine One Five Ten Seven Zero Two Four Eight Six
Special Numbers
One Two Six Ten Zero Four Five Nine Three Seven Eight
Eight Four Six Ten Two Zero Five Nine One Seven Three
Slide 18
May 2005
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
Eight Five Four Nine One Seven Six Ten Three Two Zero
Three Nine One Five Ten Seven Zero Two Four Eight Six
One Two Six Ten Zero Four Five Nine Three Seven Eight
Eight Four Six Ten Two Zero Five Nine One Seven Three
If we wrote these four lists from zero to one thousand, which number would appear first/last in each list? Why? What about to one million?
May 2005 Special Numbers Slide 19
10 ent 11 eeelnv 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 enttwy 21 eennottwy 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Special Numbers
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Slide 20
Next Lesson
Not definite, at this point: Thursday, June 9, 2005
It is believed that we use decimal (base-10) numbers because humans have 10 fingers. How would we count if we had one finger on each hand?
Computers do math in base 2, because the two digits 0 and 1 that are needed are easy to represent with electronic signals or on/off switches.
May 2005 Special Numbers Slide 21