Communication Systems

Contents
1. Communication &Communication System. 2. Elements of a Communication System. 3. How Communication Systems Evolved? 4. Important Terms in Communication Study 5. Bandwidth of Signals and Transmission Medium 6. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 7. Modulation: Need and Types 8. Amplitude Modulation: Generation and Detection
Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Communication System

Communication

Communication System
System

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Communication
Act of Transmission of Information Process of Transferring information from one entity to another Types of Communication:
Non-Verbal

Communication Verbal Communication

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Non-Verbal Communication

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Verbal Communication

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

System
A procedure or process of obtaining an objective

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

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Elements of A Communication System

Communication System
Information Source Message Signal Transmitter Signal Transmitted Channel Received Signal Receiver Message Signal User of Information

Noise

Transmitter: Converts an electrical message signal produced by information source into form suitable for transmission through channel. Receiver: Located at some place away from the transmitter. Reconstructs a recognizable form of original message signal for delivering it to user of information. Channel: Physical medium connecting the transmitter and receiver. May be wired or wireless. Noise: Adds to transmitted signal and the receiver receives corrupted version of transmitted signal. Two types of communication: point-to-point: single transmitter and receiver. Eg. Telephony broadcast: large no. of receivers corresponding to single transmitter. Eg. Radio, television

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

How Communication Systems Evolved?

Around 1565 A.D. Reporting of birth of a child to King Akbar

1835: Invention of Telegraph By Samuel F.B. Morse & Sir Charles Wheatstone

1876: Invention of Telephone By Alexander Graham Bell & Antonio Meucci

1895: Demonstration of Wireless Telegraphy by Jagadis Chandra Bose & Guglielmo Marconi

1989-91: World Wide Web Invented by Tim Berners-Lee

1968: First Fiber Optics developed at Bell Labs

1968: First Internet 1955: First Radio FAX 1936: First Television (J.C.R. Licklider) transmitted across continent Broadcast by John Logi Braid (Alexander Bain) from BBC

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Important Terms
Physical Variable (Sound, Pressure, Temperature, Displacement, Force etc.)

Transducer

Electrical Signal to transmitter (Voltage, Current)

Electrical Noise (Unwanted Signals Disturbing Transmission and processing of signals)

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Important Terms
Range: Largest distance between source and destination upto which signal is received with sufficient strength. Bandwidth: Frequency range over which an equipment operates Repeater: Combination of Receiver and Transmitter. Used to extend the range of communication system.

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Bandwidth of Signals
Message Signal
Voice (Telephone Communication) (300 Hz to 3100 Hz) Bandwidth (3100-300 = 2800 Hz) Music (20 Hz to 20kHz) Picture (Video Signals) Computer Data (Digital Data)

Bandwidth (20kHz)

Bandwidth (4.2 MHz) TV Signal 6MHz

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Digital Signals

Ideal Bandwidth = Practically: Higher Harmonics Neglected

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Bandwidth of Transmission Medium

Transmission Medium

Co-axial Cables

Free Space (Radio Waves)

Fiber Optic Cable

Bandwidth = 750 MHz Operated below 18GHz

Few hundred kHz to few GHz

1 THz to 1000 THz

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

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Communication Bands
Service AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Television Frequency Band 540-1600 kHz 88-108 MHz 54-72 MHz 76-88 MHz 174-216 MHz 420-890 MHz 896-901 MHz 840-935 MHz 5.925-6.425 GHz 3.7-4.2 GHz VHF TV UHF TV Mobile to base station Base station to mobile Uplink Downlink Range

Cellular Mobile Radio Satellite Communication

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

Ground Wave (Surface Wave) Propagation
In standard AM Broadcast, ground based vertical towers used for transmission. Attenuation increases with increase in frequency. Less than a few MHz

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

Sky Wave Propagation

For frequencies from few MHz up to 30-40 MHz, long distance communication achieved by ionospheric reflections of radio waves. Used by Short Wave Broadcast services. Ionosphere acts as a reflector for frequency range 3-30 MHz. For higher frequencies, EM waves penetrate the ionosphere and escape.

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

Space Wave Propagation

Television Broadcast, Microwave links, satellite communication Used for line-of-sight (LOS) communication and satellite communication Above 40 MHz, antenna size very small and can be placed at heights of many wavelengths above ground. Because of LOS propagation, direct waves get blocked at some point on curvature of earth and hence receiving antenna must be high enough to intercept LOS waves. dT = 2RhT where R is the radius of the earth( 6400 km), dT is called radio horizon of transmitting antenna Maximum LOS distance dM between two antennas is dM = 2RhT + 2RhR

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Satellite Communication

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Modulation
The process of superimposing low frequency message signals, m(t) on a high frequency carrier wave, c(t) for transmission to long distances. Carrier wave may be continuous or in form of pulses

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Need for Modulation

Size of Antenna

Comparable to wavelength of signal (atleast th) For 20kHz signal, wavelength is 15 km. Antenna impracticable. For high frequencies like 1 MHz, wavelength 300 m, antenna length reasonable. Power radiated P w  l P 2 where l is antenna length For good transmission, high power needed, hence high frequency transmission

Effective Power Radiated by Antenna

Inter-channel Interference: May be avoided by allotting different high band frequencies to different message signals, i.e. Modulation
Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI
HI

Communication Systems

Types of Modulation
Analog:
Continuous

Wave: AM, FM AND PM Pulse Modulation: PAM, PWM AND PPM

Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM and PCM

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Continuous Wave Modulation

High Frequency Carrier Wave

Low Frequency Message Signal

Amplitude Modulated (AM) Wave Frequency Modulated (FM) Wave Phase Modulated (PM) Wave

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Pulse Modulation
High Frequency Pulse Carrier Wave Low Frequency Message Signal

Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) Wave

Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Wave Pulse Position Modulated (PPM) Wave

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

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Amplitude Modulation
High Frequency Carrier Signal

c (t ) !

sin [ c t

Low Frequency Message/Modulating Signal

m(t ) ! Am sin [ m t
Modulated Signal

where =Am/Ac is the modulation index and is 1 to avoid distortion Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Frequency Spectrum

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

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Generation of AM Wave

x(t ) !

sin [ t 

sin [ c t

y(t) ! B

C 2 C 2 2 sin[ t  B c sin[c t   c cos2[ t 2 2

2 C c cos2[c t  C  2

[ c cos( c [ )t  C

[ c cos( c [ )t

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Communication Systems

Detection of AM Wave

Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI

Thank You!!
Presented by : Khushi Ram PGT (Physics) K.V. SEC. 8, ROHINI, DELHI