Professional Documents
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DR ABRAR UMAR
www.abrarumar.com
Epidemiologic Triad
Host
Agent
Environment
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
External or macro environment-All that is external to individual human host living or non living and with which he is in constant interaction e.g. air, water, food ,housing Internal environment-? For descriptive purposes a)PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Air,water,soil,housing,climate,geography,heat, light,noise,radiation etc
b)BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Living things, man,viruses,bacteria,insects,rodents.animals and plants c)PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Social,economic,cultural and psychological aspects
blessings to humanity. Let s not waste it It is the most basic need of Humans and Agriculture. The world today is facing acute shortages of water due to climate change which is increasing global awareness of this precious resource. Water table is falling from one to 10 feet every year in Pakistan. One in three people round the world facing water shortage. More than 2.8 billion people in 48 countries would face water stress by 2025
DISTRIBUTION OF AVAILABLE WATER OCEAN: 97.6% ICE AND SNOW: 2.07% GROUND WATER: 0.28% IN LAKES, RESERVOIRS, STREAMS AND RIVERS ETC: 0.05% Although water covers 71 percent of earth s surface, most of it is in the form of salt water or ice in glaciers or polar ice caps. Less than 1% of total amount consists of fresh water
Importance of Water
The importance of safe drinking water to public health has been clear since John Snow identified polluted water as the source of London s cholera epidemic in 1855. Hundreds of outbreaks of waterborne diseases occur every year in Pakistan, causing several deaths. 647 outbreaks of waterborne diseases were documented in the USA between 1971 and 1994. 31 outbreaks in two year period 2001 to 2002, affecting 1020 people and causing seven deaths.
Importance of Water
Life emerged from water (Holy Quraan) Quraan) Access to safe water basic human right & basic element of PHC 1.1 billion people (18% of world s population) do not have access to safe drinking water. 250 m water. water-borne diseases reported annually, 10 m waterdeaths each year, 25,000 deaths daily. Water our number one environmental problem. About 50-60% people in Pakistan are without safe 50drinking water. 3 m water-borne infections & 1.2 waterm deaths every year.
Importance of Water
Water pollution has become a serious problem in Pakistan. The quality of water supply in many cities of Pakistan is deteriorating fast. Almost 50% water samples in Pakistan are unfit for human consumption. In the developing world, 3 out of 5 people have no access to safe drinking water. Much of ill health in developing world
Importance of Water
In Pakistan, 1.2 million die each year due to water-borne diseases water80% of all deaths due to infectious & parasitic diseases are linked to contaminated water I.e. 37,000 deaths a day (5.6% of total global deaths) 250,000 children under five years of age die in Pakistan every year due to diarrhoea (UNICEF) (UNICEF) 60% of all ailments are directly related to the use of contaminated water
Importance of Water
150m children die of water-related diseases worldwide every year. One child dies every 8 seconds in the world. Unsafe drinking water is responsible for 40% of all communicable diseases in Pakistan Diarrheal diseases: 1.8 million deaths every year Salient Quote: We shall not finally defeat AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, or any of the other infectious diseases until we have also won the battle for safe drinking water, sanitation and basic health care (Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary General
Importance of Water
Throughout world one in four hospital beds International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade 1981-1990 1981United Nations International Year for Fresh Water 2003: theme: Water is Life conserve it. United Nations has declared 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action, Water for life
LACK OF SAFE WATER A MAJOR HEALTH RISK IN PAKISTAN (Earthquake in Pakistan Oct 2005)
USES OF WATER
USES OF WATER
FOR HUMAN BODY: Without water, humans would only survive 3 to 4 days. Nearly every living thing depends on moisture to survive. Water liquid of life , a constituent of all living organism and it is essential for the continuation of life process.
USES OF WATER
USES OF WATER
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER
Polluted Water: Impairment of physical qualities I.e. turbidity, color, odor or taste Contaminated Water: carry infectious agents, Water: hazardous chemical substances.
SOURCES OF WATER
Rain Surface water: water: Impounding reservoirs Canals, rivers, streams, sea etc Tanks, ponds, lakes Ground Water: Hand pumps Wells (shallow, deep & step wells) springs
SANITATION OF WELLS
Location: Location: properly located, well constructed, protected against contamination, not less than 15 meters (50 feet) from likely source of contamination, higher elevation Lining: Lining: built of bricks & stones Parapet wall: 28 inches above ground wall: Platform: cement, concrete around the well No source of pollution in the cone of filtration (4 times depth of well) Covering: Covering: by cement concrete cover Hand pump Health education for consumers: such as maintenance consumers: of strict cleanliness, avoid personal ablutions, washing of clothes, animals, dumping of refuse & wastes Quality of water: acceptable standards water:
WATER POLLUTION
NATURAL WAYS Dissolved gases -H2,CO,NH3,N2 etc Dissolved minerals salts of calcium ,magnesium and sodium Suspended impurities- clay, mud sand etc Microscopic plants and animals
HARDNESS OF WATER
Soap destroying power of water CAUSES Calcium bicarbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium bicarbonate Magnesium sulphates Calcium chloride
Cal nitrate Magnesium chloride Magnesium nitrate TEMPORARY HARDNESS Calcium and magnesium bicarbonate PERMANENT HARDNESS Calcium and magnesium sulphates ,chlorides and nitrates
REMOVAL OF HARDENESS
TEMPORARY -boiling -addition of lime -addition of sodium carbonate PERMANENT -addition of sodium carbonate -base exchange method