SUMMARIZATION OF DATA - II

In last lecture . . . . .
Descriptive statistics
Frequency Graphical

tables techniques

Measures of central value

Mean Median Mode

MEASURES OF VARIATION
Range Standard Deviation Quartiles Percentiles Coefficient of Variation

Range:
It is defined as the difference between the highest (maximum) and the lowest (minimum) observation e.g. Heights of 7 women are
142, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 155 cm

Range= 155 141 = 14 cm

Standard Deviation
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The STANDARD DEVIATION is a measure, which describes how much individual measurements differ, on the average, from the mean. A large standard deviation shows that there is a wide scatter of measured values around the mean, while a small standard deviation shows that the individual values are concentrated around the mean with little variation among them.

STANDARD DEVIATION (SD)..

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SD =

Steps to calculate SD:

1. Calculate mean of all observations 2. Calculate difference between each individual measurement and mean 3. Square all these differences 4. Take sum of all squared differences 5. Divide this sum by number of measurements 6. Finally take the square root of value

Example: Standard Deviation

X 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 Sum X -x -3.35 -3.35 -2.35 -2.35 -2.35 -1.35 -1.35 -1.35 -0.35 -0.35 -0.35 -0.35 0.65 0.65 1.65 1.65 2.65 3.65 3.65 4.65 0 (X -x) 11.22 11.22 5.52 5.52 5.52 1.82 1.82 1.82 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.42 0.42 2.72 2.72 7.02 13.32 13.32 21.62 106.55

Mean

= 6.35, n=20

Standard Deviation =

7(X - x) = n

106.55 20

SD = 2.31

QUARTILES
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The Points which divide the distribution of data into four equal parts e.g. If we want to find the points below which 25% and 50% values of the distribution lie, these are called first and 2nd quartiles. 2nd quartile is also equal to median of the data

PERCENTILES :
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Points, which divide all the measurements into 100 equal parts e.g. 3rd percentile (P3) value below which 3 % of measurements lie. 50th percentile (P50) or median value below which 50% of measurements lie.

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (C.V.)

Ratio of SD to the mean, expressed as a percentage CV = SD/mean x 100 %

CV is used to compare variation of frequency distributions measured in different units. CV depicts the size of variation relative to the mean. CV is independent of units of measurement.

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EXAMPE:
In two series of adults and children following values were obtained for the height. Find which series shows greater variation?

Persons Adults children

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Mean Height 160cm 60cm

SD 10cm 5cm

EXAMPE: (contd )
 

CV for adults = 10/160 x100 = 6.25% CV for children = 5/60x100 = 8.33%

Conclusion: Thus, we find that heights in children show greater variation than in adults.

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EXAMPE 2: (contd ..)



In a sample of boys SBP and weight were measured as follows Find which characteristic shows greater variation?

Characteristic SBP weight

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Mean 120 kg 60 kg

SD 10 4

Solution:


CV of SBP

= 10/120 x 100 = 8.33% CV of height = 4/60 x 100 = 6.67 % Conclusion: Thus, SBP is found to be a more variable characteristic than height i.e. 8.33/6.67 = 1.25 times

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THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

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Many variables have a normal distribution. This is a bell shaped curve with most of the values clustered near the mean and a few values out near the tails.

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

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The normal distribution is symmetrical around the mean. The mean, median and the mode of a normal distribution have the same value i.e. mean = median = mode

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MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY

RATIO
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It expresses a relation between two random quantities. Obtained by simply dividing one quantity by another

without implying any specific relationship between the numerator and denominator.


In ratio the numerator is not a part of denominator.

Example of Ratio
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The ratio of white blood cells to red cells is 1:600 or 1/600 meaning that for each white cell there are 600 red cells. Other examples are Sex-ratio, Doctor-population Ratio etc.

PROPORTION
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A proportion is a type of ratio in which those who are included in the numerator must also be included in the denominator. For example: The number of children with scabies out of the total number of children in the village at the same time.

RATE:
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A rate measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given time period. There is a distinct relationship between the numerator and denominator with a measure of time being a part of the denominator. For example: the number of newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer per 100,000 women during a given year.

Measurement of morbidity
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Morbidity has been defined as any departure, subjective or objective, from physical well-being.

1. 2.

Prevalence Incidence

PREVALENCE
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The proportion of individuals in a population who have the disease at a specific time. It provides an estimate of the probability (risk) that an individual will be ill at a point in time. The formula for calculating the prevalence
Number Of Existing Cases Of A Disease

P=

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Total population (at a given point in time)

POINT PREVALENCE
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It is defined as the number of all cases (old and new) of a disease at one point of time, in a defined population. This point of time may be a day, several days or even weeks depending upon time it takes to examine the population sample.

PERIOD PREVALENCE
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It represents the proportion of cases that exist within a population at any point during a specified period of time. The numerator thus includes cases that were present at the start of the period plus new cases that developed during this time. E.g. Frequency of Hypertensive patients between May 31 Dec 01 2008.

INCIDENCE:
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It is defined as The number of new cases occurring in a defined population during a specified period of time. it is calculated by
Number of new cases of specific disease during a specific time period

Incidence = ---------------------------------------- x 1000

Population at risk during that period

For Example
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There had been 500 new cases of an illness in a population of 30,000 in a year, the incidence would be: 500 incidence = ------------------------ x 1000 30,000 = 16.7 per 1000 per year

MORTALITY RATE
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 It

expresses the incidence of deaths in a particular

population during a period of time.

 It

is calculated by dividing the number of fatalities

during that period by the total population.

 This

can be further divided into cause specific or all

case mortality.