Introduction to Basic Electricity

Basic Electricity By Paul Chandler of IDN Inc.

What Is Electricity?
Movement of free electrons between
atoms

What is Electricity?
The tendency to inhibit the movement
of free electrons is called resistance Some elements are good conductors Some elements are poor conductors

What Is A Circuit?

Power Source Load Conductors Switches

Basic Circuit

+
Power Supply Load

Switch

Ohm s Law

E=IXR E is Electromotive Force or Volts I is Current or Amps R is Resistance or Ohms Ohm s Law is an Equation

Ohm s Law

Power Formula

P=IXE P is Power or Watts I is Current or Amps E is Electromotive Force or Volts Power Formula is also an Equation

Power Formula

AC and DC
DC is Direct Current
Electrons move in only one direction AC is Alternating Current Electrons change direction 120 times a second

DC - Direct Current

+
Power Supply

DIRECT CURRENT
Load

Switch

AC - Alternating Current

+ Power Supply

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Load

Switch

AC and DC

AC is distributed by the power company AC is safer at high voltages DC is produced by a battery DC produces a stronger electromagnetic field

Transformers
Used to reduce voltage Class 2 transformers are power limited Internal fuse or circuit breaker prevent
too much current flow Choose between plug-in and wire-in Specify Voltage and Power, expressed in VA volt-amps

Power Supplies

Convert AC to DC Regulate voltage output Filter noise and ripple Over-current protection Battery charge circuit

Batteries
Sealed, rechargeable battery Rated by volts and Amp-Hours

Batteries
Connect batteries in parallel for
more amp-hours
Charger

PARALLEL BATTERIES 8 AMP-HOURS

12VDC 4 AH Battery

+
12VDC 4 AH Battery

Batteries
Connect batteries in series for higher
voltage
Charger

SERIES BATTERIES 24 VDC

12VDC 4 AH Battery

+
12VDC 4 AH Battery

Circuits
Closed Circuit: Current can flow

+
Power Supply CLOSED CIRCUIT Load

Switch

Circuits
Open Circuit: Current flow is interrupted

+
Power Supply OPEN CIRCUIT Load

Switch

Circuits
Short Circuit: Unintended current path,
parallel to load, low ohms / high amps

+
Power Supply

SHORT CIRCUIT

Load

Switch

Circuits
Series Circuit: Two or more loads in
series
Load 1

+
Power Supply

SERIES CIRCUIT Load 2

Switch

Circuits
Parallel Circuit: Two or more loads in
parallel

+
Power Supply PARALLEL CIRCUIT Load 1 Load 2

Switch

Parallel and Series Loads

Two or more loads (or resistors) in
series: Add the ohms.
Load 1

+
Power Supply

2 OHMS SERIES CIRCUIT 6 OHMS Load 2

4 OHMS

Switch

Parallel and Series Loads

Two or more loads (or resistors) in
parallel: Add 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3 = 1/Rtotal

+
Power Supply

PARALLEL CIRCUIT 1.3 OHMS Load 1 2 OHMS Switch Load 2 4 OHMS

Electrical Diagrams
Schematic: Shows interconnection of
various components

+
Power Supply

PARALLEL CIRCUIT Load 1 Load 2

Switch

Electrical Diagrams
Riser: Shows wire requirements
between components
POWER SUPPLY 22AWG 6 COND. SHIELDED 18 AWG 2 COND. ACCESS CONTROL PANEL ELECTRIC STRIKE REMOTE RELEASE

CARD READER

Electrical Diagrams
Elevation: Shows relative placement of
components
PIR MAG

REX INSIDE

CARD READER OUTSIDE

42

42

Voltage Variables
Voltage Drop: Change in voltage caused
by resistance of conductor or load Brownout: Voltage reduction caused by demand on the circuit Spikes: Momentary high voltage, often related to lightning Inductive Kickback: Spike caused by collapsing magnetic field

Wire and Cable

Solid or Stranded conductor Conductor thickness measured in AWG
smaller number = thicker conductor Insulation material determines general purpose , plenum or riser cable Shielded cable protects data from interference

Multi-Meters
Voltage tested on live circuit in
parallel with the load

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Power Supply

VOLTAGE

Load

Switch

Multi-Meters
Amps tested on live circuit in series
with the load

+
Power Supply

CURRENT Load

Switch

Multi-Meters
Ohms tested on dead circuit in series
with the load Continuity checks for a closed circuit

+
Power Supply

RESISTANCE

Load

Switch

Switches
Used to open or close a circuit Maintained switches can be toggled
from open to closed, etc. Momentary switches return to a normal open or closed condition

Switches
SPST = Single pole, single throw SPDT = Single pole, double throw

SPST

SPDT

Switches
DPST = Double pole, single throw DPDT = Double pole, double throw

DPST DPDT

Switches
Use a double pole exit switch for
Double Break lock control
DOUBLEBREAK REX Access Control Panel Mag Lock

Power supply

c c nc

nc

Switches
Fail Safe locks require normally closed
switches in series

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Power Supply

Fail Safe

N C Switch N C Switch

Switches
Fail Secure locks require normally
open switches in parallel

+
Power Supply

Fail Secure

Switch

Relays
Relays are electrically operated switches Form C relays are SPDT switches Dry Contact relays have electrically
isolated coil and contacts. Latching relays stay activated until reset

Relays
Relays are used in all access controllers Relays can be radio-controlled Relays are included in passive infrared
motion detectors for egress control Relays are built into touch-sensitive exit bars

Timers
7-Day / 24-Hour timers used to
schedule door locking/unlocking Delay timers used to keep door unlocked without holding in a switch All access controllers have delay timers Some access controllers have scheduling timers

Electro-Mechanical Locks

Solenoid-Operated bolts Cabinet locks Electrified locksets Electric latch retraction panic devices Electric trim for panic devices Strike actuated mortise locks

Electro-Mechanical Locks

Disadvantage: Mechanical wear Disadvantage: Binding under load Disadvantage: Power out to the door Advantage: Mechanical egress Advantage: Hardware compatibility Advantage: Use on fire-labeled doors

Electro-Magnetic Locks
Mag Locks use pure magnetism to secure a door or gate Options include door status and bond sensing circuits

Electro-Magnetic Locks
Available in 600 to 2000 pound models

Electro-Magnetic Locks

Inswing doors require special hardware

Electro-Magnetic Locks

Shear locks are used for sliding and double-acting doors Movable strike plate interlocks with magnet surface

Electro-Magnetic Locks

Disadvantage: Switch required to exit Disadvantage: Aesthetically unattractive Advantage: Easy to install Advantage: Low power requirement Advantage: Inherently Fail Safe Advantage: Excellent physical security

Electric Strikes

Companion to mechanical lock Available Fail Secure or Fail Safe Disadvantage: Lower physical security Disadvantage: Difficult to install Advantage: Mechanical egress Advantage: Aesthetically neutral Advantage: Retain mechanical key

Electric Strikes

UnLatch works differently than conventional strikes No cutting of frame face required Models for cylindrical and mortise locks

Electric Strikes - Mechanical

Type of jamb: hollow metal, wood,
aluminum,determines faceplate size and shape Cylindrical Lock Mortise Lock Exit Device

Electric Strikes - Electrical

Voltage usually 12 or 24 volts AC or DC AC buzzes, DC silent Continuous or Intermittent Duty Fail Secure or Fail Safe Current requirements

Putting It Together
Select electric locking device Select Access Control system Determine means of egress Plan additional switches, relays and timers Select appropriate power source

Benefits Of Electronic Locking Systems

Keyless Entry Timed Locking/Unlocking Remote Unlocking Delayed Egress Easy Adds & Deletes Audit Trail Times Zones

Design Your System

Access Technology. Hardwired or Wireless? Audit Trail? Time Restrictions? Remote Monitoring? Programming options.

Access Technology
Something You Know: Personal
Identification Number.

Something You Have: Cards, Keys,

Memory Chips.

Something About You: Biometrics.

Card Technologies

Bar Code Hollerith Magnetic Stripe Wiegand Barium Ferrite Infrared

Card Technologies

Proximity Smart Card Dallas Semiconductor i-Button Data Chip Keys

Generic Features

Lock Release Memory Cardholders Memory Events Alarm Shunt Request-To-Exit

Generic Features

Anti-Passback Anti-Tailgating Communications Badging Integration

Access Control Pyramid

Easy Adds and Deletes Audit Trail Time Zones Integrated Systems