Limits and Derivatives

Concept of a Function

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION indicates a relationship among objects. A FUNCTION provides a model to describe a system. A FUNCTION expresses the relationship of one variable or a group of variables (called the domain) with another variables( called the range) by associating every member in the domain to a unique member in range.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
LINEAR FUNCTIONS INVERSE FUNCTIONS EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

y=

2 x

y is a function of x, and the 2 describes a function. relation y = x We notice that with such a relation, every value of x corresponds to one (and only one) value of y.

Since the value of y depends on a given value of x, we call y the dependent variable and x the independent variable and of the function y = x2.

Notation for a Function : f(x)

The Idea of Limits

The Idea of Limits

x 4 Consider the function f ( x ) ! x2
2

x f(x)

1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999

2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1

The Idea of Limits

x 4 Consider the function f ( x ) ! x2
2

1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999

2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1

f(x) 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999

un4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1 defined

The Idea of Limits

Consider the function g ( x ) ! x  2
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2 4 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1 4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1 g(x) 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 y

g ( x) ! x  2

2 x O

If a function f(x) is a continuous at x0, lim then x p x f ( x) ! f ( x0 ) .

0

approaches to, but not equal to

xp2

lim f ( x) ! 4
xp2

lim g ( x) ! 4

The Idea of Limits

Consider the function h( x) !
x g(x) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

x x
2 3 4

The Idea of Limits

Consider the function h( x) !
x -4 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 0 undefined 1 1 h(x) -1

x x
2 2 3 3 4 4

x p0

lim h( x) ! 1  lim h( x)
xp0

x p0

lim h( x) ! 1 

does not exist.

A function f(x) has limit l at x0 if f(x) can be made as close to l as we please by taking x sufficiently close to (but not equal to) x0. We write
x p x0

lim f ( x) ! l

Theorems On Limits

Theorems On Limits

Theorems On Limits

Theorems On Limits

Limits at Infinity

Limits at Infinity 1 Consider f ( x) ! 2 x 1

Generalized, if
x p sg

lim f ( x) ! sg

then

k lim !0 x p sg f ( x )

Theorems of Limits at Infinity

Theorems of Limits at Infinity

Theorems of Limits at Infinity

Theorems of Limits at Infinity

The Slope of the Tangent to a Curve

The Slope of the Tangent to a Curve The slope of the tangent to a curve y = f(x) with respect to x is defined as
(y f ( x  (x )  f ( x ) Slope of AT ! lim ! lim (x p 0 ( x (x p 0 (x

provided that the limit exists.

Increments The increment x of a variable is the change in x from a fixed value x = x0 to another value x = x1.

For any function y = f(x), if the variable x is given an increment x from x = x0, then the value of y would change to f(x0 + x) accordingly. Hence thee is a corresponding increment of y( y) such that y = f(x0 + x) f(x0).

Derivatives
(A) Definition of Derivative.

The derivative of a function y = f(x) with respect to x is defined as

(y f ( x  (x)  f ( x) lim ! lim (x p0 (x (x p 0 (x

provided that the limit exists.

The derivative of a function y = f(x) with respect to x is usually denoted by

dy d , f ( x), dx dx

y' ,

f ' ( x).

The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation. A function y = f(x) is said to be differentiable with respect to x at x = x0 if the derivative of the function with respect to x exists at x = x0.

The value of the derivative of y = f(x) with respect to x at x = x0 is denoted

dy by dx

or
x ! x0

f ( x0 )

To obtain the derivative of a function by its definition is called differentiation of the function from first principles.

Differentiation Rules
1.
d (c ) ! 0 dx

Differentiation Rules
1.
d (c ) ! 0 dx

Differentiation Rules
2.
d du dv (u  v) ! s dx dx dx

Differentiation Rules
2.
d du dv (u  v) ! s dx dx dx

Differentiation Rules
2.
d du dv (u  v) ! s dx dx dx

Differentiation Rules
3.
d du (cu ) ! c dx dx

Differentiation Rules
3.
d du (cu ) ! c dx dx

Differentiation Rules
4. d ( x n ) ! nx n1 for any positive integer n
dx

Differentiation Rules
4. d ( x n ) ! nx n1 for any positive integer n
dx

Binominal Theorem

Differentiation Rules
d dv du 5. (uv) ! u  v dx dx dx
product rule

Differentiation Rules
d dv du 5. (uv) ! u  v dx dx dx
product rule

Differentiation Rules
6.
du dv v u d u dx dx ( )! 2 dx v v
where v 0 quotient rule

Differentiation Rules
6.
du dv v u d u dx dx ( )! 2 dx v v
where v 0 quotient rule

Differentiation Rules
.
d n n 1 for any integer n ( x ) ! nx dx

DIFFERENTIATION RULES
y,u and v are functions of x. a,b,c, and n are constants (numbers).

d c ! 0 dx

The derivative of a constant is zero. Duh! If everything is constant, that means its rate, its derivative, will be zero. The graph of a constant, a number is a horizontal line. y=c. The slope is zero.

d x ! 1 dx

The derivative of x is 1. Yes. The graph of x is a line. The slope of y = x is 1. If the graph of y = cx, then the slope, the derivative is c.

MORE RULES
d n n 1 x ! nx dx

d 3 2 x ! 3x dx

When you take the derivative of x raised to a power (integer or fractional), you multiply expression by the exponent and subtract one from the exponent to form the new exponent.

OPERATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
d du dv u s v ! s dx dx dx
The derivative of the sum or difference of the functions is merely the derivative of the first plus/minus the derivative of the second. The derivative of a product is simply the first times the derivative of the second plus second times the derivative of the first. The derivative of a quotient is the bottom times the derivative of the top, minus top times the derivative of the bottom.. All over bottom square.. TRICK: LO-DEHI HI-DELO LO2

d dv du uv ! u  v dx dx dx
dv du v u d u ! dx 2 dx v dx v

JUST GENERAL RULES

d dv cv ! c dx dx
d 7 5 x ! 35 x dx

If you have constant multiplying a function, then the derivative is the constant times the derivative. See example below: The coefficient of the x6 6 term is 5 (original constant) times 7 (power rule.)

SECOND DERIVATIVES
You can take derivatives of the derivative. Given function f(x), the first derivative is f(x). The second derivative is f(x), and so on and so forth. Using Leibniz notation of dy/dx

d dy d y ! 2 dx dx dx
For math ponders, if you are interesting in the Leibniz notation of derivatives further, please see my article on that. Thank you. Hare Krishna >=) Krsna Dhenu

EXAMPLE 4:
Find the derivative: Use the power rule and the rule of adding derivatives. Note 3/2 1 = . is the square root of x. Easy eh?? x

y ! x  2x  2x

3 2

y ! 5x  3 x  4 x

EXAMPLE 5
Find the equation of the line tangent to y = x3 +5x2 x + 3 at x=0.

First find the (x,y) coordinates when x = 0. When you plug 0 in for x, you will see that y = 3. (0,3) is the point at x=0. Now, get the derivative of the function. Notice how the power rule works. Notice the addition and subtraction of derivative. Notice that the derivative of x is 1, and the derivative of 3, a constant, is zero.

y ! x  5x  x  3
3 2

dy 2 ! 3x  10 x  1 dx

EX 5 (continued)
Now find the slope at x=0, by plugging in 0 for the x in the derivative expression. The slope is -1 since f(0) = -1. Now apply it to the equation of a line.

dy dx

! 1
x!0

y  y 0 ! m( x  x 0 )

EX 5. (continued)
Now, plug the x and y coordinate for x0 and y0 respectively. Plug the slope found in for m. And simplify On the AP, you can leave your answer as the first form. (point-slope form)

y  3 ! 1( x  0)

y ! x  3

y ! 8x5

EXAMPLE 6
Find all the derivatives of y = 8x5. Just use the power rule over and over again until you get the derivative to be zero. See how the power rule and derivative notation works?

dy 4 ! 40 x dx 2 d y 3 ! 160 x 2 dx 3 d y ! 480 x 2 dx 3 d4y ! 960 x 4 dx d5y ! 960 5 dx d6y !0 6 dx