Enterprise Resource Planning

Module II

Topics Covered
Technical Architecture of ERP systems Distributed computing Client server systems Concept of business objects Distributed object computing architecture Support for data mining and warehousing

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Technical Architectures of ERP

  

Two-tier Architecture Three-Tier Architecture Web-based Architecture

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Two-Tier Architecture


The server handles both application and database duties The clients present the data and pass user input back to the server.

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Two-tier Architecture

Applications/ Database Layer Server: Application and Database

Data

Clients: Input and Presentation Presentation Layer (GUI Applications)

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

3-Tier Architecture


Database and application functions are separated. The three layers:

  

Presentation Layer Business Logic / Application Layer Data Management Layer

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Three-tier Architecture
Database Server

Application Server

Local / Remote Clients

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Presentation Layer


The top most layer of application in which the user interacts with the system. Screen layout, Navigation, language integration, and other user based elements are controlled in this layer.

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Business Logic Layer



This layer coordinates the application, processes commands, makes logical decisions and evaluations, and performs calculations It also moves and processes data between two surrounding layers.

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Data Management Layer



Here information is stored and retrieved from a database or file system. The information is then passed back to the logic layer for processing and then eventually back to the user.

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Presentation Layer

Get Sales Total

Total Sales

Business Logic Layer

Get list of all sales made last year

Add all sales together

Query

Sales 1 Sales 2 Sales 3

Data Management Layer

DB
ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Web-based Architecture
The main reason for the migration of ERP systems into the Web is to improve their competitiveness, companies need to drive collaborative business. Implementing this collaborative business requires integrating their existing heterogeneous IT landscapes and extending this integration to their business partners, customers and suppliers. Internet appears as the solution for integrating different applications belonging to different Information Systems. To answer to these new requirements, vendors have developed a new generation of ERP systems based on the Web technology: the Web-based ERP.
ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Web-based Architecture..contd.
The fundamental advantage of Internet is that it is a standards-based environment with no owner, so nobody can claim to have new and improved Internet. Any company can access to a web-based ERP as long as it has an Internet connection and the right authorization. The Web allows the creation of an open platform that will permit different applications to communicate easily through the standards offered by Internet.

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Web-based Architecture..contd.
In essence, a web service is three specific things :
 A way to find and register interest in a service (UDDI)  A transport mechanism to access a service (SOAP)  A way to define what the input and output parameters are for such a service (WSDL)

Web services represent an independent platform, not controlled by any one vendor that provides a way to allow applications to talk to one another. To communicate using web services, applications first have to find the service that is located in a library called UDDI (Universal Discovery, Description, and Integration).
ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Web-based Architecture..contd.
The UDDI sends the service to the client with the defined interface, then the application can communicate with the service through a standardized protocol called SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) built-up using an XML schema. The following schema (see Figure 7) shows these different actions:

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Web Based ERP Architecture

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Centralized vs. Distributed Computing

terminal

mainframe computer

Early computing was workstation performed on a single processor. Uni-processor computing can be network link called Centralized computing. network host
distributed computing

centralized computing

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Centralized vs. Distributed Computing

terminal mainframe computer

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers, interconnected via a network, capable of collaborating on a task. Distributed computing is computing performed in a distributed system. Distributed computing has become increasingly common due advances that have made both machines and networks cheaper and faster
centralized computing

workstation

network link

network host distributed computing

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Example Distributed systems

  

Internet ATM (bank) machines Intranets/Workgroups

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Computers in a Distributed System



Workstations: computers used by end-users to perform computing Server machines: computers which provide resources and services Personal Assistance Devices: handheld computers connected to the system via a wireless communication link.
Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas
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ERP Module II

Goals/Benefits
   

Resource sharing Scalability Fault tolerance and availability Performance



Parallel computing can be considered a subset of distributed computing

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Components of Distributed Software Systems

Distributed systems Middleware Distributed applications

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Challenges(Differences from Local Computing)

 Heterogeneity  Latency  Remote Memory vs. Local Memory  Synchronization

 Concurrent interactions the norm

 Partial failure
 Applications need to adapt gracefully in the face of partial failure  Lamport once defined a distributed system as One on which I cannot get any work done because some machine I have never heard of has crashed
ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Challenges.contd


Need for openness



Open standards: key interfaces in software and communication protocols need to be standardized Denial of service attacks Mobile code

Security
 

 

Scalability Transparency

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Distributed applications


Applications that consist of a set of processes that are distributed across a network of machines and work together as an ensemble to solve a common problem In the past, mostly client-server


Resource management centralized at the server

Peer to Peer computing represents a movement towards more truly distributed applications
Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas
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ERP Module II

Data Mining and Data Warehousing

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Introduction


Organizations getting larger and amassing ever increasing amounts of data Historic data encodes useful information about working of an organization. However, data scattered across multiple sources, in multiple formats. Data warehousing: process of consolidating data in a centralized location Data mining: process of analyzing data to find useful patterns and relationships
Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas
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ERP Module II

What is Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery ?



Data Mining is a tactical process that uses mathematical algorithms to sift through large datastores to extract data patterns/models/rules The Knowledge Discovery is the process of identifying and understanding potentially useful hidden anomalies, trends and patterns. Data mining is an integral part of knowledge discovery process

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Typical data analysis tasks



 

Report the per-capita deposits broken down by region and profession. Are deposits from rural coastal areas increasing over last five years? What percent of small business loans were cleared? Why is it less than last years? How did similar businesses that did not take loans perform? What should be the new rules for loan eligibility?
Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas
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ERP Module II

Decision support tools

Direct Query Reporting tools
Crystal reports

OLAP

Mining tools
Intelligent Miner

Merge Clean Summarize

Data warehouse

Detailed transactional data

Operational data
Delhi branch

GIS data
Census Calcutta branch IMS data SAS
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Bombay branch Oracle

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

Data warehouse construction



Heterogeneous data integration

 

merge from various sources, fuzzy matches remove inconsistencies missing data, outliers, clean fields e.g. names/addresses Data mining techniques

Data cleaning:
 

 

Data loading: summarize, create indices Products: Prism warehouse manager, Platinum info
refiner, info pump, QDB, Vality

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Warehouse maintenance


Data refresh


when to refresh, what form to send updates?

 

Materialized view maintenance with batch updates. Query evaluation using materialized views Monitoring and reporting tools


HP intelligent warehouse advisor

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas
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ERP Module II

Mining market players



Major players:
Clementine,  IBMs Intelligent Miner,  SGIs MineSet,  SASs Enterprise Miner.


ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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Business Data Mining Applications

Area Retailing Banking Credit Card Mgmt Insurance Telecommunications Telemarketing Human Resource Mgmt
ERP Module II

Applications Market basket analysis, cross-sell Customer relationship mgmt Lift, churn Fraud detection Churn (customer turnover) On-line caller information Churn (employee turnover)
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Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

 End of Module II 

ERP Module II

Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas

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