Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Theories of Motivation
Content Theories: Focus on the importance of the work (e.g., challenges and responsibilities)
Specific needs that motivate human behavior
Process Theories: Deal with the cognitive processes used in making decisions about our work
Content Theories
Achievement Motivation Theory: David McClelland. Emphasizes need to accomplish something. Linked to successful managers
Favor environment where they can assume responsibility Take calculated risks and set attainable goals Need continuing recognition and feedback
Managers high in achievement motivation show more respect for subordinates and use more participatory systems
ERG Theory
Alderfer Similar to Maslow. We have needs, but in this case they are not hierarchically arranged Satisfying a need may increase its strength
Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Growth Needs
Hygiene Needs: Features of work environment. If not met, job dissatisfaction occurs
Process Theories
Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) Theory: people will work hard if they expect their effort to lead to reward Importance of outcome determines its strength as a motivator supported by research
Equity Theory
Motivation is influenced by how fairly we feel we are treated at work
Benevolent Workers: martyrs. Feel guilt when rewarded Equity Workers: Sensitive to fairness. Normal Entitled Workers
Goal-Setting Theory
Idea that our primary motivation on the job is defined in terms of our desire to achieve a particular goal
Research shows that having goals leads to better performance than not having goals Specific goals are more motivating than general Moderately difficult goals are most motivating
Job Satisfaction
Overall measures of satisfaction may be too broad: current measures address different facets of job satisfaction Overall job satisfaction rate has remained the same for over 50 years Rates are much lower for government workers When people say they are satisfied, they often mean they are not dissatisfied!!
Gender: inconclusive results Race: whites are happier Cognitive Ability: slight negative relationship between level of education and satisfaction