HEALTH, WELLNESS,& ILLNESS

Mr. Cris Melric C. Palanog

HEALTH
DIFFERENT CONCEPTS ABOUT HEALTH
The presence or absence of disease (traditional definition) State of being well and using every power the individual possesses (Florence Nightingale) State of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO) Ability to maintain normal roles (Talcott Parsons)

a dynamic state of being in which the development and behavioral potentials of an individual is realized to the fullest extent possible (ANA) Health is highly individual perception (Personal definition) Health is not a condition; it is an adjustment. It is not a state but a process. The process adapts the individual not only to our physical but also our social environment (Presidents Commission on Health Needs of the Nation )

Wellness


According to Travis and Ryan, it is a way of life-style you design to achieve your highest potential of well being. It is considered a process and at the same time an efficient channeling of energy It is the integration of body, mind, and spirit thereby it is a state of well being. It is a subjective perception of balance, harmony, and vitality. (Leddy and Pepper)

The Seven Components of wellness

Social

Environment

occupation

WELLNESS Emotional intellectual

physical

spiritual

DIFFERENT MODELS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS

CLINICAL MODEL -narrowest interpretation; opposite of health is disease or injury ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL -health is defined in terms of individuals ability to perform societal roles, that is, to perform work; people who can fulfill their roles are healthy even if they appear clinically ill

 ADAPTIVE MODEL -health is a creative process; disease is a failure of adaptation or maladaptation; ability of the person to adapt, or that is to cope. EUDEMONISTIC MODEL -health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of a persons potential; apex of the fully develop personality, describe by Abraham Maslow HEALTH- ILLNESS CONTINUA -health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum

Four Levels of Health / Wellness Quadrants of Dunn's High Level Wellness Grid

 

 

High-Level Wellness in a Favorable Environment Emergent High-Level Wellness in an Favorable Environment Protected Poor Health in a Favorable Environment Protected Poor Health in a Favorable Environment

AGENT- HOST- ENVIRONMENT MODEL

Also called as Ecologic Model Originated in the community health work of Leavel and Clark. It has been expanded into general theory of multiple causes of disease This model was used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness

Epidemiologic Triad of Disease

Host

Environment

AGENT
THE AGENT- HOST ENVIRONMENT TRIANGLE

Host
Man or animal where its susceptibility is considered 4 types Patient Carrier Suspect Contact

Agent
Disease-causing organisms or pathogens. 6 Microorganism Bacteria Virus Fungi Protozoan Parasite Prion

Environment

Should be conducive and favorable to the growth & multiplication of microorganism

ILLNESS AND DISEASE

ILLNESS Highly personal state in which the persons physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished It is not synonymous with disease and may or may not be related to disease

DISEASE


Alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of a normal life span

ETIOLOGY  Causation of disease  Identification of all causal factors that act together to bring  about the particular disease

CLASSIFICATION OF ILLNESS AND DISEASE

1. ACUTE ILLNESS -characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short duration -the symptoms often appear abruptly and subsides quickly and depending on the cause, may or may not require intervention by health care professionals 2. CHRONIC ILLNESS -last for an extended period, usually 6 mos or longer, and often for the persons life -have slow onset and often have periods of remission, when the symptoms disappear, and exacerbation, when the sx reappear

ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
-a coping mechanism, involves ways individual describe, monitor and interpret their sx, take remedial actions and use the health care system 5 Stages of illness 1. Symptoms experience 2. Assumption of sick role 3. Medical Care contact 4. Dependent client role 5. Recovery or rehabilitation

EFFECTS OF ILLNESS I. IMPACT ON THE CLIENT -may experience behavioral and emotional changes -changes in self concept, body image and physical appearance -lifestyle changes -anxiety, fear, anger, withdrawal, denial, a sense of hopelessness and feelings of powerlessness -vulnerable to loss of autonomy -family interaction may change

II. IMPACT ON THE FAMILY -role changes -task reassignment and increase demands on time -increase stress due to anxiety about the outcome of illness -financial problems -loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss -change in social customs

HEALTH PROMOTION
A

behavior motivated by the desire to increase well- being and actualize human health potential.  Not disease oriented  Motivated by personal, positive approach to wellness.

Prevention

3 Level of Prevention
Levels Target Goal
Primary
Healthy Person Health Promotion and Health Protection

Secondary Tertiary
High Risk Individual Early Detection and Early Treatment Post Cancer Treatment
Rehabilitative

and Supportive

LEVEL OF PREVENTION


Primary Prevention
generalized health promotion and specific protection against disease.

Primary Prevention
 Healthy Lifestyle: Exercise  Diet: high in fiber, Vit. A, C, & E  Keep Weight at normal range  Reduce intake of salt-cured, smoked and nitrate-cured foods  Reduce alcohol intake  No Cigarette smoking  Avoid overexposure to sunlight

Healthy Lifestyle
Walking for Exercise  Studies show that people who exercise regularly have lower rates of cancer than the general population. Moderate activity for just 30 minutes a day enhances the immune system, shortens the time food takes to move through the intestines, and improves body composition and hormone levels.

Proper Diet
Sources of Dietary Fiber  Vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes constitute a rich source of dietary fiber. Composed of the indigestible cell walls of plant material, fiber acts like a scouring pad to cleanse and flush the digestive tract. Researchers claim it helps eliminate cancer-causing chemicals and may decrease the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream.

Secondary Prevention
early detection of disease, prompt intervention, health maintenance for individuals experiencing health problems.  Includes prevention of complication and disabilities
 Emphasize

Secondary Prevention
Examination  Pap Smear  BSE  Mammography  DRE  TSE  Fecal Occult blood test  Prostate exam  Sigmoidoscopy  Biopsy Cancer Marker  Carcino embrayonic antigen  Alpha fetoprotein  HCG  Bence Jones protein  Acid Phosphatase  Alkaline Phosphatase

Screening and Early Detection

 Detecting cancer in its early stages significantly improves a patients chances for survival. Barium, an X-ray opaque material or contrast medium, makes intestinal tumors and other defects stand out as dark spots against the brighter healthy intestinal tissue in X rays. The American Cancer Society recommends people over age 50 have a doublecontrast barium enema every 5 to 10 years.

Computed Tomography
 A computed tomography (CT) scan produces a cross-sectional image of a portion of the body. In a CT scan, a precisely directed, narrow X-ray beam passes through the body. This imaging method is a painless diagnostic tool that enables examination of the interior of the body without invasive procedures

MRI
This magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a normal adult head shows the brain, airways, and soft tissues of the face. The large cerebral cortex, appearing in yellow and green, forms the bulk of the brain tissue; the circular cerebellum, center left, in red, and the elongated brainstem, center, in red, are also prominently shown.

Contrast MRI

Tertiary prevention


Begins after an illness, when a defect or disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible. Its focus is to help rehabilitate individuals and restore them to an optimum level of functioning within the constraints of the disability. Example: Referring to a support group (colostomy), teaching a client with diabetes, referring a client with spinal injury to rehabilitation center to receive training.

Tertiary Prevention
 Surgery  Radiation  Chemotherapy  Hormone Therapy  Immunotherapy

Surgery
 Diagnostic  Palliative  Curative

Immunotherapy