Information Technology

Information Technology

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A repository of historical data, subject-oriented and organized, summarized and integrated from various sources so as to be easily accessed and manipulated for decision support It provides improved analytical processing It involves 3 concepts
Business representation of data for end users Web based environment that gives the users query and reporting capabilities Server based repository that allows centralized security and control over data

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Ability to reach data quickly as it is located in 1 place Ability to reach data easily and frequently by end users with Web browsers Ability to provide consolidated view of corporate data. Ex., Sales tracking and coupon mailings (sales promotion) These benefits can improve business knowledge, provide competitive advantage, enhance cr service & satisfaction, facilitate decision making and help in streamlining business processes

Information Technology

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Organization
Data is organized by subject (cr, vendor, price level, product, region)

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Consistency
Data will be coded in consistent manner (gender data)

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Time variant
Data is kept for many years to use for tends, forecasting and comparisons

4.

Non volatile
Once data is entered, it is not updated

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Relational
Uses a relational structure

6.

Client/Server
C/s architecture used to provide easy data access

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Web based
Provides efficient computing environment for Web based applns

Information Technology

LAN
Privately owned networks within a single building or campus of upto a few kms in size Used to connect PCs in offices to share resources like printers Are distinguished from other kinds of nws by 3 characteristicsx Size, x Transmission Technology, x Topology

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LANs are restricted in size and worst case transmission time is bounded LANs use transmission technology consisting of a single cable to which all the machines are attached
Traditional LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps (1000000 bits per sec)

Various topologies are possible for broadcast LANs

Bus Network Ring Network

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Spans a large geographical area (country or continent) Contains a collection of machines intended for running application programs
These machines are known as hosts

Hosts are connected by a communication subnet

Communication subnet carries messages from host to host Communication subnet consists of 2 distinct componentsTransmission Lines, Switching Components Nearly all wide area nws (except those using satellites) have store and forward subnets

Information Technology

1. Transmission Lines - known as circuits that move bits between machines 2. Switching Elements (router) - specialized computers used to connect 2 or more transmission lines. When data arrive on an incoming line, the switching element must choose an outgoing line to forward them on Pt to pt, store & forward, packet switched subnet
x When a packet is sent from one router to another
x x x x via 1 or more intermediate routers, the packet is received at each intermediate router, stored there until the required output line is free and then forwarded

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Star Ring Tree Complete Intersecting Rings Irregular

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Overview & Benefits Challenge for workers on the move

Salespeople, service employees More effective if they can use IT while at their jobs in the field or in transit

Applications of Mobile Computing

Carriable computers (mobile devices) like laptop and PDA were invented
x Lighter, more processing speed and storage x At the end of the day, mobile workers could download info from a regular desktop computer x Sales people able to make proposals at customers offices x Traveler could read and answer all of the days e-mails

Use of Mobile devices in wireless environment (wireless mobile computing)

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Enable real time connection between a mobile device and internet Computing is available anywhere at any time Used at home, work, education, health care and entertainment Major boost was provided by Intel with its Centrino chip having 3 imp capabilities
1. A connection device to a wireless LAN 2. Low usage of battery 3. High level of security

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GPS
Satellite based tracking system that enables the determination of a GPS devices location

PDA
Small portable computer-Palm handhelds, Pocket PCs

SMS
Known as the e-mail of m-commerce. Allows for sending of short text messages (upto 160 characters)

Bluetooth
A chip technology wireless standard designed for temporary, short range connection among mobile devices

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Wireless Application Protocol

A technology that offers Internet browsing from wireless devices

Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity refers to 802.11b std on which most of the WLANs run

WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network- a broad terms for all 802.11 stds. It is a wireless version of the Ethernet networking std

Mobile Commerce
Impact of mobile computing via the Internet in the way we conduct business is mobile commerce

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Mobility
Implies portability Users can initiate a real time contact with other systems from any place if they can connect to wireless nw

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Broad Reach
People can be reached at any time

Above 2 attributes create the following 5 value added attributes

Ubiquity, Convenience, Instant Connectivity, Personalization, Localization of Products and Services

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1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

Attribute of being available at any location in any given time More and more places are equipped with Wi-Fi enabling users to get online from portable laptops any time. Internet enabled mobile is easier and faster to access the internet Mobile devices enable to connect easily and quickly to the Internet Preparation of customized info for individual consumers. Ex., a user who is identified as one who likes to travel might be sent travel related info Knowing where the user is located is key to offering relevant products. Ex., if it is known that you like Italian food and you are in a Mall that has an Italian restaurant, you might receive an SMS giving you a 10% discount
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1. 2. 3.

Widespread availability of mobile devices No need for a PC The Handset Culture

15-25 yr old age group- constitute a major force of online buyers

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Vendors Push
Mobile communication nw operators & manufacturers of mobile devices are advertising many potential applications of mobile computing and m Commerce

5. 6.

Declining Prices and Increased Functionalities

Per minute pricing of mobile services

Improvement of bandwidth
Voice, Video and Multimedia (WiFi- 11 Mbps, 3G- 2 Mbps)

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Mobile station. The mobile phone communicates with other parts of the system through the base-station system. GSM Base station system (BSS).
Base transceiver station (BTS). The base transceiver station (BTS) handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The base transceiver station is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) Base station controller (BSC). The BSC provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data and control of RF power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by a MSC.

GSM Switching System

Mobile services switching center (MSC). The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signalling, and others.

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1G
Based on analog based technology- first generation of wireless technology

2G
Second generation of digital wireless technology. Based on digital radio technology, mainly accommodates text

2.5 G
Technology based on GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evaluation) that can accommodate ltd graphics

3G
Third generation of digital wireless technology-supports rich media such as video clips

4G
Provide faster display of multimedia

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Challenge of servicing large number of users with the limited bandwidth Done through multiplexing protocols
FDMA- Used by 1G systems, this protocol gives each user a different frequency to communicate on TDMA-Used by 2G systems, this protocol assigns different users different time slots on a given communication channel CDMA- Used by 2.5G and 3G systems, this protocol separates different users by assigning different codes to the segments of each users communications

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Wireless LAN is like a wired LAN but without cables Range upto 200 feet Most WLANs run on a standard known as 802.11b (std developed by IEEE)
This std is also called as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

WLANs employing this std have communication speed of 11 Mbps

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It is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. Provides up to 40 Mbit/s It is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16. WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access up to 50 km for fixed stations, and upto 15 km for mobile stations.

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Server is a system that provides data, services or access to other systems for clients Proxy servers sit between a client program (typically a Web browser) and an external server (typically another server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance, and share connections. Mail servers move and store mail over corporate networks (via LANs and WANs) and across the Internet.

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Telnet Server enables users to log on to a host computer and perform tasks as if they're working on the remote computer itself. FTP Server makes it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while providing file security. Production Server is a web server that delivers what is often called the "live site." It is available to the entire web. The files served by a production server undergo extensive testing.

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Application server is a software handles all application operations between a user and an organizations business systems Database server provides large storage capacity Web server is software for locating and managing stored web pages

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