WELCOME

Water Management in Agriculture Need of the hour

Contents
1. Global, Indian and State scenario of water resources development and use some important facts 2. World water challenges for the 21st Century 3. Action plan 4. Andhra Pradesh Water Management Project 5. Comparison of crop water requirement and actual quantities of water applied in some selected canal commands of Krishna Western Delta 6. Conclusions

(41 %)

(10 %)

(40 %)

(9 %)
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Worlds Water resources Some important facts

97% of the Worlds water resources are present in oceans. The remaining 3% of the water resources are present on land Out of the 3 % of water available on land, 2% is on ice caps which can not be utilized. The remaining 1 % is only the available utilizable water on land 97% of the available fresh water on earth is groundwater India has 16% of worlds population while having only 2% of land and 4% of fresh water resources
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Compared to average annual rainfall of Saudi Arabia of about 150 mm, our Rain fall (1194 mm) is much higher i.e. almost 1.2 m height of water above the entire land

The percent rainfall received due to South-west and North-east monsoons is 74 and 3 %, respectively. The remaining is received in pre & post monsoon periods and hence it needs storage

Present quantity of irrigation water utilized in India is 174 km3 (incl. surface and ground waters) In Zambia/ Zimbabwe, one single dam stores around 180.6 km3 In Egypt, Aswan high dam stores about 162 km3
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Alarming Facts:
Though irrigated land now expands at about 1% per year, the population also expands at 1.5% Per capita irrigated area peaked in 1978 and has been declining since then. Presently it is 0.4 acres More over, irrigated land is loosing productivity due to water logging and salinisation Conversion of food producing lands to other commercial crops

Agricultural Water Use

- Irrigation to 43% net sown area - 23 to 50% overall efficiencies of irrigation projects - Inequity in availability of irrigation water - Water logging problems in about 10% canal irrigated area - Low average crop yields due to improper use

Water Resources of Andhra Pradesh

Source River basin Godavari* Krishna* Pennar Others Available, BCM 41.90 22.96 2.77 10.12 Utilized, BCM 20.39 22.96 2.77 3.51 12.97 62.59

Demands BCM (by Domestic Irrigation Industry Power Generation tal 3.45 107.98 1.44 -0.06 .9

Ground water 30.40 Total 108.15

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IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT OF ANDHRAPRADESH

Total Geographical Area Cultivable Area Area Under Cultivation Ultimate Irrigation Potential of A.P. Present Irrigation Potential Created : 27.4 M ha : 16.7 M ha (60%) : 11.81 M ha : 8.78 M ha ( 52% of the Cultivable Area) : 5.01 M ha (57% of the total potential out of which 1.3 M ha gap is present)

States Gross Cropped Area Under Irrigation

: 40%

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The States share of Dependable Flow from the Rivers System : 2746 TMC Present Utilization Balance Water to be Utilized Out of which Godavari River alone can yield :1828 TMC : 918 TMC

: 684 TMC ( This forms 75% of the balance water un-utilized) : 15 times of our State Irrigation budget (Aproxly. Rs. 45,000 Crores) required : Rs. 6946 Crores since

To utilise balance of 918 TMC Amount spent on Irrigation the formation of A.P.

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Peoples Participation
Agriculture
Water Users Associations Watershed Committees

Panchayat Raj Village level committees for

Rural Water Supply projects

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ne hectare of sugarcane requires 300 ha-cm of water. he areas of other crops that can be irrigated by the same amount of water are shown below
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25

Hectare

20

15

10

0
E ES ES S Y P E E H J J

P VE S E P

14 ater needs of different crops (Source: alkenmark et al. 1990)

WORLD WATER CHALLENGES FOR THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY

Out of all the problems, water problem is the second most important problem in the world faced by mankind after population problem United Nations University

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The Challenges
1. Water Scarcity
Agriculture is the largest user of freshwater. At present, 70% of the total fresh water in the world is used to provide food, natural fibers and employment to billions of rural dwellers Now, at the end of 20th century, an estimated 26 countries with a population of more than 300 million people suffer from water scarcity. Projections for the year 2050 show that 66 countries with about two thirds of the world population will face moderate to severe water scarcity The finite supply of water can be augmented by reducing consumption, and recycling and reusing waste water

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2. Lack of accessibility

3. 

Water Quality Deterioration

Industrialization and urbanization have produced large volumes of effluent waste water, discharged in many cases into water ways which carry fresh water supplies into communities. The projected mega cities and rapid industrialization world- wide have only accelerated problems such as inadequate waste treatment.

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4. World Peace and Security

 Affluent countries enjoy an abundance of fresh water resources, poor nations face the twin menaces of water scarcity and water quality deterioration  All this directly effects the economic and social development of a society, undermines political stability, and threatens global security

5. Awareness by Decision Makers and the Public

Water availability is taken for granted by the public Similarly, political leaders are largely unaware of the present dimensions of the impending water crises in many countries Requires long term and lasting solutions beyond the short term mandate of political leaders and decision- makers
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6. Decline of Financial Resources Allocation

 The world witnesses a rapid growth in financial allocations to water/ development in the 1960s and the 1970s which was spurred mainly by investment in the irrigation and drinking water supply. However, a steady decline in financial outlay occurred in the latter part of 1980s, and become more pronounced throughout the 1990s  Right now, funds for operation and maintenance are in limited supply, with existing schemes in dire need of repair and replacement

7. Fragmentation of Water Management

At national level, the water management is divided among hundreds or thousands of jurisdictions, municipalities and the private sector; or worse, left unattended This institutional chaos has led to competition among users, conflicts, duplication of efforts and contradictory policies, plans and actions .Consequently, this has perpetuated wastage of resources, and usage deficiency

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Action Plan
1. In view of the climate change, more floods and droughts will occur
All the rivers should be under network (Godavari lot of water is being wasted) NWDA plan should be implemented We can tackle environmental issues

2. Conjunctive utilisation should be practiced

Except in some parts of Punjab, there is no conjunctive utilization of water resources For example this year groundwater in command areas could be utilized
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3. Water use Efficiency

Standing water may not be required for rice? Even paddy could be irrigated under sprinkler irrigation ? Future yard stick will be how many tons of grains are produced / hectare /m3 of water

4. Land Irrigability is most important

We can not irrigate paddy on the top of the hill. Equity should first be implemented in quality land. Land reforms are to be strengthened to ameliorate the problems Land leveling is important Watershed issues

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5. Drinking Water problems

Still, there is a 30% wastage in the drinking water supplies particularly at the user level proper planning is needed to supply water from the pipe all along the people staying around it Proper payment of tariffs. It is said that in Hyderabad, just less than 50% consumers are paying Even in the case of irrigation also, same situation

6. Recycling is the accepted fact

River water is recycled water

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7. Single window clearance for all water uses with IT should be stressed.
River basin Authority

8. Hydrological data acquisition

Variability of rain fall Groundwater variability Need for data acquisition Human resource utilization.

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Network Operational Pilot Project on AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH (AP Water Management Project APWAM)

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Main Co-ordinating Center at Bapatla, Guntur Network centers at Garikapadu, Krishna ist. agtial, Kari nagar ist. Undi-Bhimavaram, W st Godavari ist. Tirupati, Chittoor ist.

ist.

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Project Objectives
The long term objective of the proposed project is the improvement of the water use efficiency in agriculture and spreading of irrigation benefits to tail end areas and preservation of the agricultural production capacity of agricultural lands in irrigated commands
To achieve this objective water resources (rain, ground, canal and waste waters) will be optimally utilized to uplift the socio-economic conditions and improve the agricultural production in the tail-end areas of canal and tank commands, farm land in danger of becoming unproductive as a result of water logging and soil salinity will be preserved, and land that has already become unproductive because of these processes will be reclaimed. 28

The short term objectives are:

Organization and empowering the farmers for management and equitable distribution of local water resources and maintenance and operation of irrigation and drainage systems Introduction and evaluation of equitable distribution practices like Turn system and Rotational (Warabandi) system The transfer of technology (equipment, knowledge and skills) relating to the reclamation of waterlogged saline lands and cropping system based water management practices The construction of on-farm rainwater harvesting ponds, wells and improvement of irrigation canals to provide water resources to tail end area of about 100 ha under selected WUAs The construction of subsurface drainage to reclaim waterlogged saline lands

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Short term objectives contd

Continuation of monitoring of Konanki and Uppugunduru subsurface drainage experimental areas for long term impacts Conductance of research on water requirements and irrigation schedules of various crops and techniques for less water use especially for rice crop Introduction and evaluation of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems for field crops. Development of agronomic and cultural practices for multicropping in rice based cropping system Conductance of operational research on water management and subsurface drainage in waterlogged saline lands of other canal commands.

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Activities of Main and Network Centers

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Bapatla Main Center

Project Command: Krishna Delta Drainage for control of salinity and water logging
i) Selection of pilot area ii) Pre-drainage investigations including bench mark survey of cropping pattern, socio-economic & gender issues iii) Design of appropriate drainage system iv) Installation of drainage system v) Monitoring and Evaluation of drainage system including Socio-economic and gender issues vi) Integration of Drainage with water resources management (recycling of drain water)

Water less rice production system

i) Aerobic Rice ii) System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
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Garikapadu Network Center

Project Command: NSP Left canal command Water regulation at distributory level
i) Selection of 3 pilot areas one each at head, middle and tail reaches of the canal ii) Conjunctive use of rain water, surface water and subsurface (ground) water iii) Package of practices on water management iv) Micro-irrigation experiments at the research station

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Undi (Bhimavaram) Network Center

Project Command: Godavari Western Delta Drainage for control of water logging and salinity in black cotton soils
i) Selection of pilot area ii) Pre-drainage investigations including bench mark survey of cropping pattern, socio-economic & gender issues iii) Design and execution of appropriate drainage systems iv) Monitoring and Evaluation of drainage system including Socio-economic and gender issues v) Experiments on envelope materials for clay soils

Water less rice production system

i) System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
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Jagtial Network Center

Project Command: Sriramsagar project Water regulation at distributory level
i) Selection of 3 pilot areas one each at head, middle and tail reaches of the canal ii) Conjunctive use of rain water, surface water and sub-surface (ground) water iii) Package of practices on water management

Water less rice production system

at Research station and farm level
i) Rice under drip irrigation ii) Methods of sowing (direct, wet and aerobic) iii) Methods of irrigation (alternate wetting & drying and irrigation at 50 % moisture depletion) iv) System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
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Tirupati Network Center

Project Command: Tanks and Wells Water management under tanks and wells
i) Selection of tanks ii) Water budget for the tanks iii) Data on water resources iv) conjunctive use of rain, tank and ground waters v) Package of practices

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Comparison of Crop Water Requirements and Actual Water Applied in Krishna Western Delta in Andhra Pradesh

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Estimation of crop water requirements for Ponnur region in Krishna Western Delta using CRIWAR model

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Table 1. Particulars of selected commands in Krishna Western Delta

Sl. No. 1 Name of the canal
Srirangapuram Length of the canal Command area Rated discharge

(km) 22.73

(ha) 3,322

(cumec) 3.43

channel Mutluru channel

6.00

848

0.85

Ponnur channel

13.2

2326

2.41

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General features of CRIWAR model

CRIWAR is a simulation model on crop irrigation water requirements and it calculates the irrigation water requirements (either per month or per 10 day period) of a cropping pattern in an irrigated area, for various stages of crop development through out the growing season

Crop irrigation water requirement = ETp - Pe

where ETp = Potential evapotranspiration, Pe = Effective precipitation

CRIWAR model calculates the ETp on the basis of two alternative methods of computing the reference evapotranspiration, the FAO modified Penman Method, ETg, and the Penman Monteith Method, ETh ETp.fao = kc ETg ETp.pm = kc. ETh
where kc = crop coefficient

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Model Inputs
General data file of the irrigated area Meteo data file Cropping pattern file

Model Output
Reference evaportanspiration Crop irrigation water requirements per 10 day period or month Cropping pattern

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General data needed for the model

Latitude Altitude Size of irrigable area Calculation period (month/ 10 days) Mean depth of water application (mm) Interval between applications (days)

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Meteorological data needed for the model

Monthly average values of Temperature - Tmin and Tmax Precipitation (mm) Sunshine hours (h) Humidity (%) - RHmin and Rhmax Wind speed - mean (m/s) and ratio
Average ind speed during day Wind speed ratio = -----------------------------------------Average ind speed during night
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Crop data needed for the model

Crops grown in the area Seasons followed Cropped area (ha) Growing period (days) Planting month Variety of crops Crop coefficients (kc) for different stages of crop growth
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Table 2. Water requirement of paddy crop as estimated by

CRIWAR model
Crop water requirements Sl. No.
(1)

Season and Year

(2)

Net water requirement (3)

Effective precipitation (4)

Net irrigation requirement (5)=(3)-(4)

Gross irrigation requirement (6)=(4)/0.6*

FAO Modified Penman method 1 kharif 2000

77.2 78.5 79.9 61.2 68.9 69.9

42.3 49.9 29.3 38.0 46.8 27.6

34.9 28.6 50.6 31.2 22.2 42.3

58.2 47.5 84.3 52.0 37.0 70.5

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2 3
4

kharif 2001 kharif 2002

kharif 2000

Penman Monteith method 5 6 kharif 2001 kharif 2002

Estimation of actual quantities of water applied in selected canal commands of Krishna Western Delta

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Estimation procedure
1. Discharge (cumecs) = Discharge (cusecs) / 35.36 2. Volume of water applied on each day (m3/day) = Discharge (cumecs) x 60 x 60 x 24 3. Total volume of water applied during the season (m3) = Sum of volumes of water applied on each day of the season (m3) 4. Gross depth of irrigation water applied (m) = Total volume of water applied (m3)/ Area of the command (m2) 5. Net depth of irrigation = Gross depth of irrigation x Application efficiency

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Table 3. Actual quantities of irrigation water applied in the selected commands

Sl. Season and No. year No. of days canal water released (days)
136 95 130 138 117 98 110 110 102

Volume of canal water applied (million cu.m.)

27.69 20.06 25.11 7.69 6.34 5.24 21.14 16.21 16.63

Gross depth of irrigation water applied (cm)

83.4 60.4 75.6 90.7 74.8 61.9 91.3 69.8 71.6
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Srirangapuram channel command

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kharif 2000 Kharif 2001 Kharif 2002 Kharif 2000 Kharif 2001 Kharif 2002 Kharif 2000 Kharif 2001 Kharif 2002

Mutluru channel command

Ponnur channel command

Comparison of crop water requirement and actual quantities of water applied

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Table 4. Comparison of requirement and application of irrigation (canal) water

Sl. No. Season and Year Irrigation water
requirement
Irrigation

Difference Quantity (cm) Percentage

(cm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kharif 2000 kharif 2001 kharif 2002 kharif 2000 kharif 2001 kharif 2002 kharif 2000 kharif 2001 kharif 2002 58.2 47.5 84.3 58.2 47.5 84.3 58.2 47.5 84.3

water applied (cm) 83.4 60.4 75.6 90.7 74.8 61.9 91.3 69.8 71.4

Srirangapuram channel command 25.2 12.9 - 8.7 32.5 27.3 - 22.4 33.1 22.3 - 12.9 43.3 27.2 - 10.3 55.8 57.5 - 26.6 56.9 46.9 - 15.3
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Mutluru channel command

Ponnur channel command

Table 5. Average paddy yield in the selected channel commands

2002 2001
Yield (t/ha) Percent decrease over year 2002 12.9 Yield (t/ha)

2000
Percent decrease over year 2002 10.6

Sl. No.

Name of the command

Yield (t/ha)

Srirangapuram

channel Mutluru channel Ponnur channel

6.13

5.34

5.48

5.87

5.19

11.6

5.28

10.1

6.05

5.25

13.2

5.35

11.6

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Irrigation water required 100 80

Irrigation water applied 84.3

Paddy yield 6.4 75.6 6.0 5.6

83.4 58.2 60.4 47.5

Depth of irrigation, cm

Paddy yield, tons/ha

60 40 20 0 2000

5.2 4.8 2001 2002

Year

Fig. 1 Comparison of irrigation water requirement, actual amount of irrigation water applied and paddy yields in Srirangapuram channel command

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Irrigation water required 100 90.7

Irrigation water applied 84.3 74.8

Paddy yield 6.0 61.9 5.6 5.2

Depth of irrigation, cm

80 58.2 60 40 20 0 2000 47.5

Paddy yield, tons/ha

4.8 4.4 2001 2002

Year

Fig. 2 Comparison of irrigation water requirement, actual amount of irrigation water applied and paddy yields in Mutluru channel command

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Irrigation water requirement 100

Irrigation water applied

Paddy yield 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.8 4.4

Depth of irrigation, cm

80 60 40 20 0 2000 2001 Year 2002

Paddy yield, tons/ha

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Fig. 3 Comparison of irrigation water requirement, actual amount of irrigation water applied and paddy yields in Ponnur channel command

Prediction of crop water requirement using CRIWAR model by considering past ten year average weather data

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Table 6. Water requirement for paddy crop based on ten year (1993-2002) average weather data
Sl. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Period

Crop water requirement (cm)

7.2 7.8 6.0 6.0 6.5 5.3 4.8 4.7 2.6 3.5 3.7 3.0 2.6 2.5 1.8

Effective precipitation (cm)

2.8 2.8 4.1 4.1 4.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.5 3.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.3

Irrigation water required (cm) Net irrigation requirement

4.4 5.0 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5

Gross irrigation requirement

7.3 8.3 3.2 3.2 4.0 4.3 3.5 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.5
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11-20 July 21-31 July 1-10 Aug 11-20 Aug 21-31 Aug 1-10 Sept 11-20 Sept 21-30 Sept 1-10 Oct 11-20 Oct 21-31 Oct 1-10 Nov 11-20 Nov 21-30 Nov 1-10 Dec

Conclusions of the study

The farmers have applied 27.2 to 57.5 % excess irrigation water than required in the years 2000 and 2001 while in the year 2002, they have applied 10.3 to 26.5 % less water than the required quantity of water in the selected commands In spite of applying more quantities of irrigation water in the years 2000 and 2001, the average yield of paddy crop in those years was less by 10.1 to 13.2 % when compared to the year 2002 indicating that applying excess water is not at all advantageous and instead it is the wastage of valuable water resource. Using the CRIWAR model, an efficient irrigation water management plan can be worked out and adopted

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Thank You
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