Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Our goal:
get feel and
Overview:
whats the Internet? whats a protocol? network edge; hosts, access net,
terminology more depth, detail later in course approach: use Internet as example
physical media network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet structure performance: loss, delay, throughput security protocol layers, service models history
Introduction
1-1
Introduction
1-2
computing devices: hosts = end systems wireless laptop running network cellular handheld apps communication links fiber, copper, access points radio, satellite wired links transmission rate = bandwidth routers: forward router packets (chunks of data)
millions of connected
Institutional network
Introduction
1-3
Institutional network
Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
Introduction 1-4
infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing communication services provided to apps: reliable data delivery from source to destination best effort (unreliable) data delivery
Introduction 1-5
Whats a protocol?
human protocols: whats the time? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols
protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-6
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi Hi
Got the time?
<file>
Introduction
1-7
applications and hosts access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links
network core: interconnected routers network of networks
Introduction
1-8
client/server model
peer-peer
peer-peer model
client host requests, receives service from always-on server client/server e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Introduction 1-9
Hello, hello back human protocol set up state in two communicating hosts
loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions sender wont overwhelm receiver senders slow down sending rate when network congested
Introduction 1-10
flow control:
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
congestion control:
Protocol [RFC 768]: connectionless unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control
up to 56Kbps direct access to router (often less) Cant surf and phone at same time: cant be always on
deployment: telephone company (typically) up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) dedicated physical line to telephone central office
Introduction 1-13
asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router homes share access to router deployment: available via cable TV companies
Introduction
1-14
Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html
Introduction
1-15
Introduction
1-16
Introduction
1-17
Introduction
1-18
Channels
Introduction
1-19
network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet modern configuration: end systems connect into Ethernet switch LANs: chapter 5
Introduction
1-20
provided by telco operator ~1Mbps over cellular system (EVDO, HSDPA) next up (?): WiMAX (10s Mbps) over wide area
mobile hosts
Introduction
1-21
Home networks
Typical home network components: DSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point
to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet wireless laptops wireless access point
Introduction 1-22
Physical Media
Bit: propagates between
transmitter/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media:
1-23
Introduction
1-24
11Mbps, 54 Mbps
Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude
Introduction 1-25
routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks
Introduction 1-26
capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required
Introduction
1-27
Introduction
1-28
frequency time
Introduction
1-29
Numerical example
How long does it take to send a file of
Introduction
1-30
resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time
Introduction
1-31
statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction 1-32
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L R R R
transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link at R bps store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)
Circuit switching:
10 users with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004
Packet switching:
Introduction
1-34
resource sharing simpler, no call setup excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
Introduction 1-35
Tier 1 ISP
Introduction
1-36
to/from backbone
peering
to/from customers
Introduction
1-37
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Introduction
1-38
local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet
local ISP
local ISP
Tier 1 ISP
local ISP
local ISP
local ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP
A B
packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction
1-41
A B
transmission propagation
nodal processing
queueing
Introduction 1-42
A B
transmission
nodal processing
queueing
Introduction
1-43
Caravan analogy
100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth
Time to push entire
100 km
cars propagate at
100 km/hr toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (transmission time) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth?
caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/ (100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-44
100 km
1000 km/hr Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth?
2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth. 1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router!
Nodal delay
d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
dproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less depends on congestion = L/R, significant for low-speed links a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
Introduction 1-46
arrival rate
Introduction
1-47
sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction
1-48
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all
A B
buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
link capacity server, with server sends bits pipe that can carry fluid at rate file into pipe (fluid) of F bits Rs bits/sec to send to client Rs bits/sec)
link capacity pipe that can carry Rfluid at rate c bits/sec Rc bits/sec)
Introduction
1-51
Throughput (more)
Rs
Rs
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-52
in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck
Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software
Question:
Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?
Introduction
1-54
a series of steps
Introduction 1-55
ticket (complain) baggage (claim gates (unload) runway (land) airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
arrival airport
Layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
Introduction
1-56
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex systems pieces layered reference model for discussion modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layers service transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of system layering considered harmful?
Introduction 1-57
to destination
network elements
PPP, Ethernet
Introduction
1-58
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machinespecific conventions session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery of data exchange Internet stack missing these layers! these services, if needed, must be implemented in application needed?
Introduction
1-59
source
message segment Ht datagram Hn Ht frame Hl Hn Ht
M M M M
Encapsulation
destination
M Ht Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht M M M
Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht
M M
Hn Ht
router
Introduction
1-60
Network Security
attacks on Internet infrastructure:
infecting/attacking hosts: malware, spyware, worms, unauthorized access (data stealing, user accounts) denial of service: deny access to resources (servers, link bandwidth)
security in mind
original vision: a group of mutually trusting users attached to a transparent network Internet protocol designers playing catch-up Security considerations in all layers!
Introduction
1-61
infection by receiving object (e.g., e-mail attachment), actively executing self-replicating: propagate itself to other hosts, users
Introduction
1-62
1.
select target
around the network (see malware) 3. send packets toward target from compromised hosts
target
Introduction
1-63
src:B dest:A
payload
Wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer more on modification, deletion later Introduction
1-64
Masquerade as you
IP
Introduction
1-65
Masquerade as you
IP
spoofing: send packet with false source address record-and-playback: sniff sensitive info (e.g., password), and use later
password holder is that user from system point of view
src:B dest:A
B
Introduction 1-66
Masquerade as you
IP
spoofing: send packet with false source address record-and-playback: sniff sensitive info (e.g., password), and use later
password holder is that user from system point of view
later ..
A
src:B dest:A
B
Introduction 1-67
Network Security
more throughout this course chapter 8: focus on security crypographic techniques: obvious uses and
Introduction
1-68
Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing
theory shows effectiveness of packetswitching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational
1972:
ARPAnet public demonstration NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Introduction
1-69
Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii 1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for interconnecting networks 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC late70s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Cerf and Kahns internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define todays Internet architecture
Introduction
1-70
Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of new national networks:
TCP/IP 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IPaddress translation 1985: ftp protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control
Introduction
1-71
Internet History
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990s: ARPAnet
decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: Web hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990s: commercialization of
the Web
messaging, P2P file sharing network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps
Introduction
1-72
Internet History
2007: ~500 million hosts Voice, Video over IP P2P applications: BitTorrent (file sharing) Skype (VoIP), PPLive (video) more applications: YouTube, gaming wireless, mobility
Introduction
1-73
Introduction: Summary
Covered a ton of material! Internet overview whats a protocol? network edge, core, access network packet-switching versus circuit-switching Internet structure performance: loss, delay, throughput layering, service models security history You now have: context, overview, feel of networking more depth, detail to follow!
Introduction
1-74