HEAT TRANSFER

(MBB 3033)
Khairin Ezzaty binti Abdul Rahman 11957
Mumtaz Hayati binti Abdul Rashid 12095
Nurul Syakila binti Iksan 12169
Sakinah Haris 12183

Problem Statement

The ABC Holding Sdn Bhd wants our
consultant group to design a complete
scalding tank system for slaughtered
chicken to loosen their feather before
they are routed to feather picking
machine with capacity of 1200 chicken
per hour under following conditions
Objectives
To design a complete scalding tank
system for slaughtered chicken to loosen
their feather before they are routed to
feather picking machine according to the
prescribed parameters.
Scope of Project
a) The mass flow rate of the make-up water that must
be supplied to the scalding tank, in kg/s
b) The length of the proposed scalding tank, L in m
c) The velocity of the conveyer and thus the chicken
through the tank in m/s
d) The total rate of the heat transfer from water to
chicken, in KW
e) The total rate of the heat transfer from steam pipe
to the water, in KW
f) The rate of heat loss from the exposed surfaces of
the scalding tank by conduction and by convection, in
KW.

Scalding Tank Design
Detail Dimension
Thickness 2.5cm
Width 3m
Length 9m
Height 1m
No of conveyor 4
No of chicken per conveyor 25
Isometric view of the scalding tank
Tc,in = 28
o
C
Th,in = 150
o
C
Th,out = 90
o
C
More View
Front View
Top view
Parameters:

Calculation
Rate: 1200 chickens/hour
Average temperature of water, T
avg
:
90C
Thickness of steel tank: 2.5cm
Initial mass of chicken, m
i,chicken
: 2.2
kg
Ambient temperature T

=35C
Final mass of chicken, m
f,chicken
:
(15% 2.2kg )+2.2kg = 2.53kg
Local water supply temperature:
28C
Body temperature of chicken,
T
chicken
: 33C
Tank: width = 3m, height=1m
Time taken to be immersed: 5mins Center-center distance between
chickens: 30cm
Assumptions










Diameter of chicken, D
chicken
=20cm

Tank is divided into 4 equal parts
Chicken carries out the properties
of meat:
= 1050kg / m
2

k = 0.476 W/m.K
= 0.13 x 10
-6

C
p
= 3.55 kJ/kg.K
A) Mass flow rate of then make up water that
must supplied:
t = 5mins = 5 x 60s = 300s
For 1 chicken;
Weight gain by chicken = Weight of water
loss from the tank
Therefore, the weight of water loss from tank
= 15% x 2.2kg = 0.33kg
For every 5mins, 0.33kg water is loss from
the tank
Calculation
= mass / time = 0.33kg / 300s = 1.1x 10
-3

kg/s
Since 1200 chicken is scalded for 1hour, for
every 5mins, 100 chickens are scalded
For 100 chickens, = 1.1x10
-3
x 100 = 0.11
kg/s
The mass flow rate of the make-up water that
must be supplied to the scalding tank, =
0.11 kg/s

The tank is assumed to have 4 equal parts.
Therefore, for every part, 100/4 = 25
chickens.
Since the center-to-center distance required
is 30cm, the length of the tank is 0.3m x 24 +
2(0.3m) = 7.8 m


B) The length of the proposed scalding tank, L in m.
Where the distance is multiplied by 24 is due
to the spacing between the chickens and 2 x
0.3m is due to extra spaces between the
chicken and the tank.
The length of the proposed scalding tank, L =
9.0 m

C) The velocity of the conveyer thus the
chicken through the tank, V
V = length/time = 7.8m / 300s = 0.026 m/s




D) The total rate of heat transfer from water to
chicken.(using the prop of water 1
st
for the
chicken)

Using Tube bundle calculation, chicken represent the
tube bundle.
S
t
=0.3m T
avg
= 90
o
C C
p
=4206J/kg
o
C
A
1
= 0.1m Pr= 1.96 T
i
=90
o
C
S
L
=0.6M =956.3kg/m
3
T
s
=33
o
C
D=0.2m k=0.675W/m.K

078 . 0
2 . 0 3 . 0
026 . 0 3 . 0
max
=

= V
D S
S
V
t
t
3 . 47805
10 315 . 0
2 . 0 078 . 0 3 . 965
Re
5
max
=

= =

D V
2 2
566 . 12 100 1 . 0 4 m A
s
= = t
100 4 25
/ 466 . 190
675 . 0
2 . 0
434 . 56 )
066 . 5
96 . 1
( ) 196 ( ) 3 . 47805 . 0 ( 27 . 0
20
25 . 0 36 . 0 63 . 0
= = =
=

= = = =
T L
C
N N N
C m W h
h
k
hL
Nu
s kg
T
D S VN m
m
t t chicken
/ 277 . 3
3600
2 . 0 4 . 0 4 2 . 2 100
=

= =
-
C e e T T T T
P
s
C m
h A
i s s e
0
4206 277 . 3
466 . 190 566 . 12
91 . 80 ) 90 33 ( 33 ) ( = = =

-
C
T T
T T
T T T T
T
o
i s
i s
i s i s
33 . 52
91 . 80 33
90 33
ln
) 91 . 80 33 ( ) 90 33 (
) (
) (
ln
) ( ) (
ln
=

= A
kW W Q
T hA Q
s
19 . 125 68 . 125192
33 . 52 566 . 12 466 . 190
ln
= =
= A =
-
-
E) Total rate of heat transfer from steam pipe to
water, kW. (method of heat exchanger)

Using LMTD method, Diameter for the tube=0.06m
Assumption made;
T
c,i
=28
o
C T
c,o
=90
o
C T
h,i
=150
Oc

T
h,o
=90
o
C T
avg
=(28+90)/2=59
o
C

K=0.653 Pr=3.198 =984.8kg/m
3
C
P
=4185kJ/kg
o
C =1.0969E-8

s m E V
V AV m
m
T C m T C m Q
mean
meam mean
h
h
h h p
h
c c p
c
/ 3 8763 . 9
06 . 0 8 . 984 1137 . 0
) 90 150 ( ) 28 90 ( 11 . 0
2
, ,
=
= = =
=
A = A =
-
-
- - -
t
72 . 54022
8 0969 . 1
06 . 0 3 8763 . 9
Re =

= =
E
E VD
u
) _ _ ( / 466 . 190
/ 28 . 119
675 . 0
2 . 0
96 . 10 )
5 315 . 0
5 0802 . 1
( )
10 5 . 8
06 . 0 198 . 3 72 . 54022
( 86 . 1
20
0
20
14 . 0 36 . 0
d f rom value C m W h
C m W h
h
k
L h
E
E
Nu
i
C i
=
=

= = =

=
C m W U
h h U
i
20
0
/ 35 . 73
466 . 190
1
28 . 119
1 1 1 1
=
+ = + =
C
T T
T T
T T T T
T
o c i h
i c o h
o c i h i c o h 0
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
ln
99 . 60
90 150
28 90
ln
) 90 150 ( ) 28 90 (
) (
) (
ln
) ( ) (
=

= A
Assume F=1
kW Q
W T UA Q
s
5 . 1997
1997049 99 . 60 5 . 8 06 . 0 10 62 . 122
ln
=
= = A =
-
-
t
F)Rate of heat loss from surface of scalding
tank by conduction and convection
Assume h = 800 W/m
2
C)

Area of the side = 3 x1 x2+9 x1 x2 =6m
2

Heat loss from tank surface on the sides
R
total
= x/kA + 1/ h
o
A
o

= 0.25/ 14.9 x 24 + 1/ 800 x 24
= 7.5119 x 10
-4

Q = T/R
total

= (90-35) / 7.5119 x 10
-4

= 73217.31W
=73.22kW

Surface (top) of scalding tank
Q
conv
=hA
s
T
= 800 x (9 x3) x (90 35)
= 1188000 W
= 1188kW

Q
total
= 73.22+1188
= 1261.22 kW


Recommendations Reasons
i. Using a higher temperature for the water
ii. Decrease the area of the scalding tank
iii. Reduce the volume of the water in the
scalding tank
iv. Increase the surface area of the tubes
To increase the heat transfer and lessen the time
consume
v. Enclose the tank
To reduce heat loss
vi. Attach an insulator at the tank
vii. The calculation must also consider the
fouling factor
To get a precise results and able to design the
scalding tank correctly
viii. Increase the number of tubes to 16 or more
To avoid fouling factor
Recommendations
Conclusion
The design finally achieved the objective to fulfil the
parameters required with :

The working capacity of 1200 chicken per hour.

The length of 9m which is appropriate to be operated
inside a small poultry factory.

The mass flow rate for the make up water which is
0.11kg/s

The velocity of the conveyor together with the hung
chicken is 0.026m/s