Ohms law & Kirchhoffs Laws

Resistance
It may be defined as the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e., electrons) through it

The Unit of Resistance

The practical unit of resistance is ohm.** A conductor is said to have a resistance of one ohm if it permits one ampere current to flow through it when one volt is impressed across its terminals

Laws of Resistance
The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following factors : (i) It varies directly as its length, I. (ii) It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the conductor. (iii) It depends on the nature of the material. (iv) It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.

Units of Resistivity

Ohm's Law

Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs laws are basic analytical tools in order to obtain the solutions of currents and voltages for any electric circuit; whether it is supplied from a direct-current system or an alternating current system.

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

It states that in a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of all source voltages must be equal to the algebraic sum of all the voltage drops. Voltage drop is encountered when current flows in an element (resistance or load) from the higher-potential terminal toward the lower potential terminal. Voltage rise is encountered when current flows in an element (voltage source) from lower potential terminal (or negative terminal of voltage source) toward the higher potential terminal (or positive terminal of voltage source).

Resistance in Series
When some conductors having resistances R1,R2 and R3etc. are joined end-on-end , they are said to be connected in series. It can be proved that the equivalent resistance or total resistance between points A and D is equal to the sum of the three individual resistances

 (i) current is the same through all the three conductors (ii) but voltage drop across each is different due to its different resistance and is given by Ohm's Law (iii) sum of the three voltage drops is equal to the voltage applied across the three conductors

Being a series circuit, it should be remembered that

Characteristics of series circuit

Resistance in parallel

 (i) p.d. across all resistances is the same (ii) current in each resistor is different and is given by Ohm's Law (iii) the total current I is the sum of the three separate currents

Characteristics of parallel circuits

I. same voltage acts across all parts of the circuit 2. different resistors have their individual current. 3. branch currents are additive 4. conductances are additive 5. powers are additive.