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Detailed Production Planning

&
Shop-Floor Control
Dealing with the Problem Complexity
through Decomposition
Aggregate Planning
Master Production Scheduling
Materials Requirement Planning
Aggregate Unit
Demand
End Item (SKU)
Demand
Corporate Strategy
Capacity and Aggregate Production Plans
SKU-level Production Plans
Manufacturing
and Procurement
lead times
Component Production lots and due dates
Part process
plans
(Plan. Hor.: 1 year, Time Unit: 1 month)
(Plan. Hor.: a few months, Time Unit: 1 week)
(Plan. Hor.: a few months, Time Unit: 1 week)
Shop floor-level Production Control
(Plan. Hor.: a day or a shift, Time Unit: real-time)
Disaggregation and
Master Production Scheduling
(MPS)
The (Master) Production Scheduling Problem
MPS
Placed Orders
Forecasted Demand
Current and Planned
Availability, eg.,
Initial Inventory,
Initiated Production,
Subcontracted quantities
Master Production
Schedule:
When & How Much
to produce for each
product
Capacity
Consts.
Company
Policies
Economic
Considerations
Product
Charact.
Planning
Horizon
Time
unit
Capacity
Planning
MPS Example: Company Operations
Mashing
(1 mashing tun)
Boiling
(1 brew kettle)
Fermentation
(3 40-barrel
ferm. tanks)
Filtering
(1 filter tank)
Bottling
(1 bottling
station)
Grain cracking
(1 milling
machine)
Fermentation Times:
Brew Ferm. Time
Pale Ale 2 weeks
Stout 3 weeks
Winter Ale 2 weeks
Summer Brew 2 weeks
Octoberfest 8-10 weeks
Example: Implementing the Empirical
Approach in Excel
# Fermentors: 1 Unit Cap: 200 Shelf Life: 20
Microbrewery Performance
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Fermentors Req'd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Feasible Loading?
Min # Fermentors Req'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fermentor Utilization 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Total Spoilage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pale Ale Fermentation Time: 2
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 45 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Scheduled Receipts 200
Fermentors Released 1
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 100 255 205 165 125 85 45 5 -35 -40 -40
Net Requirements 35 40 40
Batched Net Receipts
Scheduled Releases
Fermentors Seized
Total Fermentors Occupied
Stout Fermentation Time: 3
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 35 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 50 50
Scheduled Receipts
Fermentors Released
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 150 115 75 45 15 -25 -40 -40 -40 -50 -50
Net Requirements 25 40 40 40 50 50
Batched Net Receipts
Scheduled Releases
Fermentors Seized
Total Fermentors Occupied
Computing Inventory Positions and
Net Requirements
Net Requirement:
NR
i
= abs(min{0, IP
i
})
Inventory Position:
IP
i
= max{IP
i-1
,0}+ SR
i
+BNR
i
-D
i
(Material Balance Equation)
i
D
i
IP
i
(IP
i-1
)
+

SR
i
+BNR
i
Problem Decision Variables:
Scheduled Releases
# Fermentors: 1 Unit Cap: 200 Shelf Life: 20
Microbrewery Performance
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Fermentors Req'd 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Feasible Loading?
Min # Fermentors Req'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fermentor Utilization 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0%
Total Spoilage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pale Ale Fermentation Time: 2
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 45 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Scheduled Receipts 200
Fermentors Released 1
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 100 255 205 165 125 85 45 5 165 125 85
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200
Scheduled Releases 200
Fermentors Seized 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1
Stout Fermentation Time: 3
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 35 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 50 50
Scheduled Receipts
Fermentors Released
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 150 115 75 45 15 -25 -40 -40 -40 -50 -50
Net Requirements 25 40 40 40 50 50
Batched Net Receipts
Scheduled Releases
Fermentors Seized
Total Fermentors Occupied
Testing the Schedule Feasibility
# Fermentors: 1 Unit Cap: 200 Shelf Life: 20
Microbrewery Performance
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Fermentors Req'd 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0
Feasible Loading? NO
Min # Fermentors Req'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fermentor Utilization 0% 100% 100% 100% 0% 100% 200% 100% 100% 0%
Total Spoilage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pale Ale Fermentation Time: 2
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 45 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Scheduled Receipts 200
Fermentors Released 1
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 100 255 205 165 125 85 45 5 165 125 85
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200
Scheduled Releases 200
Fermentors Seized 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1
Stout Fermentation Time: 3
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 35 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 50 50
Scheduled Receipts
Fermentors Released
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 150 115 75 45 15 175 135 95 55 5 155
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200 200
Scheduled Releases 200 200
Fermentors Seized 1 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fixing the Original Schedule
# Fermentors: 1 Unit Cap: 200 Shelf Life: 20
Microbrewery Performance
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Fermentors Req'd 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Feasible Loading?
Min # Fermentors Req'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fermentor Utilization 0% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0%
Total Spoilage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pale Ale Fermentation Time: 2
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 45 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Scheduled Receipts 200
Fermentors Released 1
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 100 255 205 165 125 85 45 205 165 125 85
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200
Scheduled Releases 200
Fermentors Seized 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1
Stout Fermentation Time: 3
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 35 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 50 50
Scheduled Receipts
Fermentors Released
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 150 115 75 45 15 175 135 95 55 5 155
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200 200
Scheduled Releases 200 200
Fermentors Seized 1 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1 1 1 1 1
Infeasible Production Requirements
# Fermentors: 1 Unit Cap: 200 Shelf Life: 20
Microbrewery Performance
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Fermentors Req'd 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Feasible Loading?
Min # Fermentors Req'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fermentor Utilization 100% 100% 100% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Total Spoilage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pale Ale Fermentation Time: 2
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 45 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Scheduled Receipts 200
Fermentors Released 1
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 100 55 205 165 125 85 45 5 -35 -40 -40
Net Requirements 35 40 40
Batched Net Receipts
Scheduled Releases
Fermentors Seized
Total Fermentors Occupied 1
Stout Fermentation Time: 3
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50
Scheduled Receipts
Fermentors Released
Inventory Spoilage
Inventory Position 150 115 75 35 -5 160 120 80 40 -10 -50
Net Requirements 5 10 50
Batched Net Receipts 200
Scheduled Releases 200
Fermentors Seized 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1 1
A feasible schedule with spoilage effects
# Fermentors: 1 Unit Cap: 200 Shelf Life: 6
Microbrewery Performance
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Fermentors Req'd 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Feasible Loading?
Min # Fermentors Req'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fermentor Utilization 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 0% 100% 100% 100% 0%
Total Spoilage 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 5
Pale Ale Fermentation Time: 2
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 45 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Scheduled Receipts 200
Fermentors Released 1
Inventory Spoilage 45
Inventory Position 100 255 205 165 125 85 245 160 120 80 40
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200
Scheduled Releases 200
Fermentors Seized 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1
Stout Fermentation Time: 3
Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand 35 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 50 50
Scheduled Receipts
Fermentors Released
Inventory Spoilage 5
Inventory Position 150 115 75 45 215 175 135 95 55 5 150
Net Requirements
Batched Net Receipts 200 200
Scheduled Releases 200 200
Fermentors Seized 1 1
Total Fermentors Occupied 1 1 1 1 1 1
Computing Spoilage and
Modified Inventory Position
Spoilage:
SP
i
= max{0, IP
i-1
-(SR
i-1
+SR
i-2
++SR
i-sl+1
)
-(BNR
i-1
+BNR
i-2
++BNR
i-sl+1
)}
Inventory Position:
IP
i
= max{IP
i-1
,0}+ SR
i
+BNR
i
-D
i
-SP
i
(Material Balance Equation)
i
D
i
IP
i
(IP
i-1
)
+

SR
i
+BNR
i
SP
i
The Driving Logic behind the Empirical Approach
Demand Availability:
Initial Inventory Position
Scheduled Receipts due to
initiated production or
subcontracting
Future inventories
Net
Requirements
Lot Sizing
Scheduled
Releases
Resource (Fermentor)
Occupancy
Product i
Feasibility
Testing
Master Production Schedule
Schedule
Infeasibilities
Revise
Prod. Reqs
Compute Future
Inventory Positions
Manufacturing Resource Planning
&
Scheduling
MRP II:

The MRP Explosion Calculus
BOM
MRP
MPS
Current
Availabilities
Planned
Order Releases
Priority
Planning
Lead
Times
Lot Sizing
Policies
Example: The (complete) MRP Explosion
Calculus

Item BOM:
Alpha
C(2) D(2)
B(1) C(1)
E(1)
E(1)
F(1)
F(1)
Item Lead Time Current Inv. Pos.
Alpha 1 10
B 2 20
C 3 0
D 1 100
E 1 10
F 1 50
Gross Reqs for Alpha
Period 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Gross Reqs. 50 50 100
Item Levels:
Level 0: Alpha Level 1: B Level 2: C, D Level 3: E, F
The MRP Explosion Calculus
Level 0
Level 1
Level 2
Level N
Initial
Inventories
Scheduled
Receipts
External Demand
Capacity
Planning
Planned
Order Releases
Gross Requirements
(borrowed from Heizer and Render)
Computing the item Scheduled Releases
Item C
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Gross Requirements 12 10 90 75
Scheduled Receipts 20
Inventory Position: 20 20 40 40 40 40 28 18 18 -72 0 -75 0
Net Requirements 72 75
Planned Sched. Receipts 72 75
Planned Sched. Releases 72 75
Synthesizing
item demand
series
Projecting
Inv. Positions
and
Net Reqs.
Lot Sizing
Time-
Phasing
Parent
Sched. Rel.
Item External
Demand
Gross
Reqs
Scheduled
Receipts
Initial
Inventory
Safety Stock
Requirements
Net
Reqs
Lot Sizing
Policy
Planned
Order
Receipts
Lead Time
Planned
Order
Releases
Lot Sizing
If affordable, a lot-for-lot (L4L) policy will incur the lowest inventory
holding costs and it will maintain a smoother production flow.
Possible reasons for departure from a L4L policy:
High set up times and costs => need for serial process batching to control
the capacity losses
Processes that require a large production volume in order to maintain a
high utilization (e.g., fermentors, furnaces, etc.) => need for parallel
process batching
Selection of a pertinent process batch size
It must be large enough to maintain feasibility of the production
requirements
It must control the incurred
inventory holding costs, and/or
part delays (this is a measure of disruption to the production flow
caused by batching)
Move or transfer batches: The quantities in which parts are moved between
the successive processing stations.
They should be as small as possible to maintain a smooth process flow




Some Lot Sizing Methods employed
in the traditional MRP framework
Main focus: Balance set-up and holding costs
Wagner-Whitin Algorithm for dynamic Lot Sizing
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): Compute a lot size using the EOQ formula
with the demand rate D set equal to the average of the net requirements
observed over the considered planning horizon.
Periodic Order Quantity (POQ): Compute T = round(EOQ/D), and every time
you schedule a new lot, size it to cover the net requirements for the
subsequent T periods.
Silver-Meal (SM): Every time you start a new lot, keep adding the net
requirements of the subsequent periods, as long as the average (setup plus
holding) cost per period decreases.
Least Unit Cost (LUC): Every time you start a new lot, keep adding the net
requirements of the subsequent periods, as long as the average (setup plus
holding) cost per unit decreases.
Part Period Balancing (PPB): Every time you start a new lot, add a number
of subsequent periods such that the total holding cost matches the lot set up
cost as much as possible.
Optimal Parallel Batching:
A factory physics approach
Model Parameters:
k: (parallel) batch size B: maximum batch size
r
a
: arrival rate (parts/hr) c
a
: CV of inter-arrival times
t: batch processing time (hrs) c
e
: CV for effective batch processing time
Then
CT = WTBT + CT
q
+t
a a a a
r
k k k
kr r
k
r k
WTBT
2
1
2
) 1 ( 1
]
1
...
1
0 [
1
=

+ + + =
t r k t
k
r
u
k
c
kt
k
c t
u
u
c c
CT
a
a a
a
a
a
e a
q
b
b
> < = = =

+
= 1 ;
) (
;
1 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
o
From the above,
t
u
u c k c
ku
k
t t
u
u c k c
r
k
CT
e a e a
a
] 1
1 2
/
2
1
[
1 2
/
2
1
2 2 2 2
+

+
+

= +

+
+

=
Remark: Notice that CT| as
u1 but also as u0 !
Determining an optimal batch size
Let u
m
r
a
t . Then u = u
m
/ k k = u
m
/ u . Substituting this expression for k in the
expression for CT, we get:
t
u
u c u u c
u
u u
t
u
u c k c
ku
k
CT
e m a
m
m e a
] 1
1 2
/
2
1 /
[ ] 1
1 2
/
2
1
[
2 2 2 2
+

+
+

= +

+
+

=
Recognizing that 0
2 2
=
k
a
m
a
k
c
u
u c
, we set
0
2
~ |
m
a
u
u c
and we get
t
u
u y
t
u
u c
u u
CT
m
e
m
] 1
2
1
2
) (
[ ] 1
1 2 2
1
2
1
[
2
+ = +

+
+ ~
|
where
u
u
c
u
u y
e

+ +
1
) (
1
) (
2
|
To minimize CT, it suffices to minimize y(u). This can be achieved as follows:
2
2
2
* 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1
1
1
1
0 1 2 ) 1 ( 0
) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
e
e
e
e
e
c
c
c
u u u c
u u
u c u
du
u dy
+ +
=
+
+ +
= = + + =

+ +
=
|
|
|
|
|
and
1 c
1
u 0
e
*
+
~ ~ | which further implies that
t r c t r k
a e a
> + ~ ) 1 (
*
Remark: If c
e
2
0, the term | in the original expression for u
*
will significant. In that case,
we can set
e m
a
c u
c
+
~
1
1
2
*
|
and obtain u
*
and k
*
as before.
Finite-Capacity Planning & Scheduling
in the MRP II / ERP context:
Load Reports (Example)
Available
resource
time
Periods 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8
50
100
150
Finite-Capacity Planning & Scheduling
in the MRP II / ERP context:
More Systematic Approaches
Bottleneck-based scheduling in a cellular manufacturing context (Goldratts
Theory of Constraints approach):
Each part (family) has its own production cell with a well-defined bottleneck
resource.
Production is scheduled on the bottleneck resource and the schedule for the other
resources are organized around this schedule by taking consideration the expected
cycle times.
Typically, a cushion of extra workload is maintained at the bottleneck in order to
prevent its starvation, in case of any disruptions in the upstream processes.
If the bottleneck supports the production of more than one part types, a single-
machine scheduling problem arises naturally. This is addressed by selecting an
appropriate dispatching rule.
Earliest Due Date (EDD) => minimizes maximum lateness (tardiness)
Least slack (LS), where slack = difference between job due date and expected
completion time => tend to reduce average tardiness
Shortest Processing Time (SPT) => minimizes average flowtime at the
bottleneck, and (by Littles law) average WIP
Other heuristics addressing different problem variations including weighted
performance measures, non-zero release times, etc.


Finite-Capacity Planning & Scheduling
in the MRP II / ERP context:
More Systematic Approaches (cont.)
Cases where the previous approach is not effective:
There are more than one capacity-constrained resource
Bottlenecks are shifting depending on the product mix
There are operations involving parallel process batching
Process routes are non-linear (e.g., due to routing flexibility, re-entrance, extensive
need for rework)
Remark: The semiconductor manufacturing operational context is a typical example of
all of the above.
A more global view of the system operations is necessary in order to support effective
and efficient scheduling.
Possible approaches
Employ a set of pertinently selected dispatching rules at the different (critical)
resources, and assess its efficacy through simulation (possibly maintain a bank of
such rules for different operational conditions meta-heuristics)
Generate efficient (not necessarily optimal) global schedules by employing an
approach that searches for such a schedule in the space of feasible schedules
Typical approaches employed in the solution
of the job shop scheduling problem
Branch & Bound (B&B): Constructs all possible schedules incrementally, fathoming
options that are clearly suboptimal to some other options. Can generate optimal
schedules but it is very time consuming.
Beam search: Similar to B&B, but it employs additional heuristics to increase
fathoming.
Local search techniques: Given an initially constructed schedule, try to identify an
improved schedule that is obtained from the original one through a localized change
(e.g., through the change of the order of two jobs on a single machine); repeat. Also,
need a mechanism to avoid local optima.
Simulated annealing: Seeks to avoid local optima by maintaining a non-zero
probability for transitioning to an inferior schedule. However, this probability is
reduced with the passage of time.
Tabu search: Seeks to avoid local optima by pronouncing certain schedule changes
as taboo (these changes are apparent improvements that might attract the schedule
back to a local optimum)
Genetic algorithms: Maintains an entire set of schedules at each iteration, and it
updates this set by replacing schedules of inferior performance with new schedules
resulting from the combination of the most efficient schedules currently
available; the synthesis of such new schedules is known as crossover. Also,
mutation provides additional schedules resulting from the local modification of
some single schedules.
(borrowed from Heizer and Render)
Pegging and Bottom-up Replanning
Some Limitations of MRP-based Planning
The employment of fixed nominal lead times
This problem is mitigated in case of a stable operational environment where
past experience and / or approximate formal models can provide insight for
setting lead times
Lead time assessment is also facilitated by a well-structured, cellular shop-
floor
Possible system nervousness due to re-planning and the applied lot
sizing policies
Potential remedies
Firm orders
Time fences
L4L planning whenever possible
Lack of an inherent mechanism for detecting and managing shop-floor
congestion a purely Push approach
However, it is possible to combine the planning visibility offered by the
MRP explosion calculus with more sophisticated production control
mechanisms that take advantage of the existing technology of
Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES).
The Revolution of
Just-In-Time (JIT) and
Lean Manufacturing
The essence of the JIT revolution and
Lean Manufacturing
Try to reduce the system operational inefficiencies and the
resulting waste by identifying the sources of these inefficiencies
and working proactively to eliminate them as much as possible.
In the emerging philosophy, inventories should be carefully
controlled and they should not function as the mechanism for
accommodating the system inefficiencies => Just-In-Time (JIT)
The aforementioned effort should be an ongoing process
towards continuous improvement rather than one-time/shot
effort.
Targeting the sources of inefficiency
input
unreliable quality of raw material
unreliable delivery times

operation
unreliable processes in terms of
required processing times
process outcome
complex interacting process flows
long set-up times
unreliable (irresponsive and irresponsible) personnel

output
Highly variable production requirements in terms of
production volume, and
production scope

JIT enabling factors and practices
Emphasis on quality at both the process and the supply side by promoting
Statistical Process Control (SPC) theory and practice
Quality certification programs
Deployment of stable automated processes and foolproof practices (like checklists
and machines gauges) to guarantee the desired performance
Employee empowerment and knowledge management (quality circles)
Tightening of the supply chain by promoting
Long-lasting and trustful relationships between the different parties in the supply
chain
Timely and reliable information flow across these parties that takes advantage of
modern IT technologies, like
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), and e-commerce practices
Real-time communications and global positioning systems
Promotion of vendor owned and managed inventory practices that
Establish economies of scale and protection to variability through pooling
Enhance the demand visibility across the entire supply chain.

JIT enabling factors and practices (cont.)
Simplification of the process flows by promoting cellular manufacturing practices
Dedication of separate production cells to product families with similar processing
requirements
U-shaped layouts for facilitating employee sharing
Employee cross-training for more flexible and higher utilization
Set-up time reduction through
The adoption of cellular manufacturing
Externalization of set-up times
Employment of flexible processes and pertinent auxiliary equipment like pertinent fixtures
Part standardization
Focus on repetitive manufacturing and promote the establishment of stable production
rates through
Smoothing of the aggregate production requirements by appropriate quota setting
Pertinent sequencing of the final assembly to support a desired product mix
Use of buffer capacity (planned overtime) to protect against slippages from the target
production rates
Component standardization


Institutionalizing the JIT practice
through the KANBAN-based
Production Authorization Mechanism
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3
Remarks:
The KANBANS at each station cap the WIP at that station and they offer a natural
mechanism for reacting to various disruptions taking place in the system operation.
In particular, production at each station is pulled as a result of the downstream
activity rather than pushed by an MPS-generated schedule.
The KANBANS at each station should be set at a level that enables production
at the target rate
A safe approach to set the KANBAN level at each station is by setting it initially to
the historical WIP level, and subsequently decrease it incrementally while
observing its impact on the production rate
Frequent KANBAN changes are ineffective, since the production rate of the line is
rather insensitive to these changes, and they should be avoided
From KANBAN to CONWIP
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 FGI
Why?
It maintains the WIP cap but at the same time it offers more operational flexibility than
KANBAN.
The unrestricted flow of WIP within the line enables better utilization of the (shifting)
bottleneck, and therefore, higher throughput.
Less stress for the line operators since it enables them to work at the natural pace of the line.
It enables more flexible scheduling of the line, since in the CONWIP operational context,
WIP is interpreted more generally as some aggregate amount of workload loaded into
the line (even measured in time-units, rather than number of parts) new parts are pulled from
an available work backlog according to a pertinent set of dispatching rules.
Easier to analyze and parameterize through the theory of closed-queueing networks.
Remark: While the above features of CONWIP mitigate the rigidity of the KANBAN-based
shop-floor control, its pull nature still implies that it requires stable target production rates
in order to function well, and therefore, it is appropriate for repetitive manufacturing contexts.



A CONWIP-based pull framework
(borrowed from Hopp & Spearman)
Course Outline
1. Inventory Control Theory
The basic EOQ model and some of its variants
Replenishment coordinating approaches
Dynamic Lot Sizing
Statistical Inventory Control Models
The News Vendor Model
The Base Stock Model
The (Q,r) Model
An introduction to multi-echelon models

2. Factory Physics: A queueing-theoretic analysis of serial production systems
Characterizing a flow line as a queueing system
Some fundamental relationships between the line attributes and its performance indices
The nature, role and impact of the operational variability
An introduction to logical control of production systems


Course Outline
3. Integrating the Factory Physics insights to the OM practice
Process Design, Capacity Planning and Line Balancing
Hierarchical Production Planning
The classical hierarchical planning framework
Forecasting
Aggregate Planning
Master Production Scheduling (MPS) and Material Requirement Planning (MRP), and their
limitations
Shop floor scheduling
Just-in-Time (JIT) and Lean Manufacturing
The JIT philosophy
JIT practices and the KANBAN production authorization system
Shop-floor control based on the CONWIP production authorization model
Production Planning and Scheduling for CONWIP-controlled production systems
The JIT limitations
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