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Homogeneous Function

1 2 2
0 1 2
Consider the function
f(x,y) = a .......... a
The degree of each term in x and y is n.
n n n n
n
x a x y a x y y

+ + + +
Such functions are called homogenious functions of degree n.
A function f(x,y) of two independent variables x and y
is said to be homogenious of degree n if f(x,y) can be
written in the form x where can be any function
n
y
x
| |
| |
|
\ .
Another def.
( )
3 2 3
Some examples of homogenious functions
(1) : F(x,y)= sin( )
(2) : F(x,y)= 3
(3) : F(x,y)=
n
y
x
x
x xy y
y x
y x
+

Eulers Theorem on Homogeneous Function


If z = F (x,y) be a homogenious function of x,y of degree n
then x + y = nz for all x,y
z z
x y
o o
o o
Proof: We have
z is a homogenious function of degree n.
so that z = x
n
y
x
|
| |
|
\ .
1
2
1 2
( ) '( )
( ) '( )
n n
n n
z y y y
nx f x f
x x x x
y y
nx f yx f
x x
o
o

| |
= +
|
\ .
=
1
1
, '( ) '( )
n n
z y y
Similarly x f x f
y x x x
o
o

| |
= =
|
\ .
1 1
Thus ,we have
x + y = ( ) '( ) '( )
n n n
z z y y y
nx f yx f yx f
x y x x x
o o
o o

+
x + y = ( ) =nz
hence the result.
n
z z
y
nx f
x
x y
o o
o o

2 2 2
2 2
2 2
COROLLARY I:
If z = ( , ) is a homo. function of x and y of degree n,
then + 2xy ( 1)
f x y
z z z
x y n n z
x x y y
c c c
+ =
c c c c
Eular's theorem,we have
x + y = nz
By
z z
x y
o o
o o
2 2
2
Differentiating partially w.r.t.x, we get
+x + y =n
z z z z
x x x y x
o o
o o
c c
c c c
2 2
2
Again differentiating partially w.r.t.y,we get
x + + y = n
z z z z
x y y y y
o o
o o
c c
c c c
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
ultiplying by x and y respectivily and add
x
M
z z z z z
x xy y y
x x x y y y
o o
o o
c c c
+ + + +
c c c c
2
x + y
z z
n n z
x y
o o
o o
| |
= =
|
\ .
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
( 1)
z z z
x xy y n z nz n n z
x x y y
c c c
+ + = =
c c c c
Example : Verify Euler's theorem for the function
z = log
n
y
x
x
Solution:
z is a homogenious function of x and y of degree n.
x + y = nz
z z
x y
o o
o o

1
2
1 1
, log *
log
n n
n n
z y x y
Now nx x
x x y x
y
nx x
x
o
o


| |
= +
|
\ .
=
Multiply by x and y and add
1 1
log *
= log
= log
= n z
n
n n
n n n
n
z z y x
x y x nx x y
x y x y
y
n x x x
x
y
n x
x
o o
o o

| |
+ = +
|
\ .
+
1
* *
n
n
z x x
and x
y y x y
o
o
= =
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
Example : If u= 0
then show that 0
and x y z
x y z
u u u
x y z
+ + =
+ +
c c c
+ + =
c c c
( )
2 2 2
1
Solution : We have u =
x y z + +
( )
( )
3 2
2 2 2
3 2
2 2 2
1
2
2
= -x
u
x y z x
x
x y z
o
o

= + +
+ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 2 5 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
3 2 5 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
Similarly 3
3
u
x y z y x y z
y
u
x y z z x y z
z


c
= + + + + +
c
c
= + + + + +
c
2 2 2
2 2 2
on adding we get
0
u u u
x y z
c c c
+ + =
c c c
( ) ( )
2
3 2 5 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
3
u
x y z x x y z
x

c
= + + + + +
c
2 2
1
Example : If u= sin ,
then show that tan
x y
x y
u u
x y u
x y

| |
+
|
+
\ .
c c
+ =
c c
2 2
1
2 2
Solution : We have u = sin
z = then sin u = z
x y
x y
x y
Let
x y

| |
+
|
+
\ .
+
+
By Eular's theorem ,we have

z z
x y z
x y

c c
+ =
c c
( )
( )
sin cos
sin cos
z u
But u u
x x x
z u
and u u
y y y
c c c
= =
c c c
c c c
= =
c c c
( )
2
2
2 2
1
where z = homogenious
1
function of degree one
y
x
x y
x is a
y
x y
x
| |
+
|
+
\ .
=
+
+
hence cos =sinu
or tan
z z u u
x y z u x y
x y x y
u u
x y u
x y
| | c c c c
+ = = +
|
c c c c
\ .
c c
+ =
c c
1
Example : If u = cot , then show that
1
sin 2
4
x y
x y
u u
x y u
x y

| |
+
|
|
+
\ .
c c
+ =
c c
1
Solution : We have u= cot
z = then cot u = z
x y
x y
x y
Let
x y

| |
+
|
|
+
\ .
+
+
1
2
1
where z = homogenious
1
function of degree half
y
x y
x
x is a
x y y
x
+
+
=
+
+
By Eular's theorem ,we have
= n z =
2
z z z
x y
x y

c c
+
c c
2
2
cos
cos and we have
z u
ec x
x x
z u
and ec x
y y
c c
=
c c
c c
=
c c
2 2
2
1
cos cos = cot
2
cot 1
= sin 2
2cos 4
u u
x ec x y ec x u
x y
u u u
x y u
x y ec x
c c

c c
c c
= + =
c c
( )
3 3
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
Example : If u= tan , x y then show that
2 1 4sin sin 2
x y
x y
u u u
x xy y u u
x x y y

| |
+
=
|

\ .
c c c
+ + =
c c c c
3 3
1
3 3
3
3 3
3
2
Solution : We have u=tan
z = then tan u = z
1
where z = homogenious
1
function of degree two.
x y
x y
x y
Let
x y
y
x y
x
x is a
y
x y
x

| |
+
|

\ .
+

+
+
=


2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
lso sec +2 sec tan u
sec +2 sec tan u
sec +2 sec tan u
z u u
A u u
x x x
z u u
u u
y y y
z u u u
u u
x y x y x y
c c c
| |
=
|
c c c
\ .
| | c c c
=
|
c c c
\ .
c c c c
=
c c c c c c
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
Also by corollary of Eular's theorem,
2 2(2 1)
z z z
x xy y z
x x y y
c c c
+ + =
c c c c
By Eular's theorem ,we have
= n z = 2 z
z z
x y
x y
c c
+
c c
2 2
but sec and sec
z u z u
u u
x x y y
c c c c
= =
c c c c
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
sec 2
+2sec tan u 2 * 2tan u
u u u
u x xy y
x x y y
u u u u
u x xy y
x x y y
| |
c c c
+ +
|
c c c c
\ .
| |
| | c c c c
| |
| + + =
| |
|
c c c c
\ .
\ .
\ .
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 tan u 2sin cos u
2 sin 2 2 tan usin 2
=sin 2 1 2 tan usin 2

u u u u u
x xy y x y u
x x y y x y
u u u
x xy y u u
x x y y
u u
| | c c c c c
+ + + + =
|
c c c c c c
\ .
c c c
+ + =
c c c c

( )
2
=sin 2 1 4sin u u
Exercise
( )
1
2 2
1 1
1 Find the first order partial derivatives of
(a) cot (x+y)
(b) sin( )
(c)
2 Find the second order partial derivatives of
(a) tan tan tan

x y
x y
x y
x y

+
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1

1
log tan
e
y
x
xy
b
x y
c x y
d

+ +
2 2
1
2
3 Varify that
where u is log (ysinx+xsiny)
4 If z=sin , show that
*
5 If z = f(x+ay)+g(x-ay), show that

u u
x y y x
x y
x y
z y z
x x y
z
y

c c
=
c c c c
| |

|
|
+
\ .
c c
=
c c
c
c
2
2
2 2
z
a
x
c
=
c
( )
( )
3
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
6 If v= , show that
0
7 If z(x+y)= , show that
4 1
8 If z = log , show that
x
x y z
v v v
x y z
x y
z z z z
x y x y
x y
x y
z
x
+ +
c c c
+ + =
c c c
+
| | | | c c c c
=
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .
+
+
c
+
c
1
z
y
y
c
=
c
( )
( )
3
3 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
1
9 If z = 3xy - y 2 , show that

1
10 If u = show that
1 2
1 + 0
11 If z = tan , then sh
y x
z z z
x y x y
xy y
u z
x y
x x y y
y
x

+
| |
c c c
=
|
c c c c
\ .
+
| | c c c c
(
=
|
(
c c c c

\ .
2 2
2 2
ow that
0
z z
x y
c c
+ =
c c

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