Tailors Theorem

If (i) f(x), f(x), f(x)f

n-1
(x) are continuous in [a, a+h]
(ii) f
n
(x) exists in (a, a+h), then


2 1
' ''
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ........ ( ), 0 1.
2 ( 1)
Where R ( ) is called the Langrange's form of remainder
after n terms.
Writing a + h = x or h = x-a
we have another f
n
n n
n
n n
h h
f a h f a hf a f a f a h R
n
h
f a h
n
u u
u

+ = + + + + + + ( (

= +
2 1
' 1
orm of Taylor's theorem as
( ) ( )
f(x)=f(a)+(x-a)f ( ) ''( ) ...... ( )
2 1
( )
+ ( ), 0 1.
n
n
n
n
x a x a
a f a f a
n
x a
f a h
n
u u

+ + +

+ < <
2
'
2
'
2
'
R 0 as n , we can get
f(a+h)= f(a)+hf ( ) ''( ) ...... to ..........(1)
2
or f(x+h)=f(x)+hf ( ) ''( ) .......... ..................(2)
2
( )
and f(x)= f(a) + (x-a)f ( ) + ''( ) .......
2
n
If
h
a f a
h
x f x to
x a
a f a

+ + +
+ + +

+ .. to ..........(3)
Maclaurins Theorem
1
2 1
' 1
(i) f(x), f'(x), f''(x),.......f ( ) are continuous in [0,x]
(ii) f ( ) exists in (0,x) then
f(x) = f(0) + xf (0) + ''(0) + ........ + (0) + ( , ), 0< <1.
2 1
remainder after n
n
n
n n
n n
f x
x
x x x
f f f x
n n
u u

2
'
2
'
terms.
If R 0 as n , we get
f(x) = f(0) + xf (0) + ''(0) + ....... + to
2
Note: Maclaurin's expansion for f(x) may also be obtained from Taylor's expansion
f(a+h) = f(a) + hf ( ) + ''( ) +
2
n
x
f
h
a f a

2
'
........+ to
on putting a=0
f(x) = f(0) + xf (0) + ''( ) + ........ to
2
h
f a

Examples
3 2
2 3
'
Using Taylor's theorem express the polynomial
2x 7 6 in powers of (x-1).
we have Taylor's theorme:
f(a+h) = f(a) + hf ( ) + ''( ) + '''( ) ...........
2 3
a + h = x and h =
x x
h h
a f a f a to
Put
+ +
+
2 3
2 3
3 2
x-1 so that a + (x-1) = x or a = 1
then we have
( ) = (1) '(1) ''(1) ''(1) ..........
2 3
( 1) ( 1)
= (1) ( 1) '(1) ''(1) ''(1) ..........
2 3
( ) 2 7 6, (1) 4
h h
f x f hf f f to
x x
f x f f f to
Now f x x x x f
+ + + +

+ + + +
= + + =
2
f '(x) = 6x + 14x +1 , f '(1) = 21
f ''(x) = 12x + 14 , f '' (1) = 26
f '''(x) = 12 , f '''(1) = 12
f (x) = 0
iv
3 2
2 3
2 3
, f (1) = 0
f(x) = 2x + 7x + x - 6.
( 1) ( 1)
= 4 + (x-1).21 + .26 + .12
2 3
4 21( 1) 13( 1) 2( 1)
iv
x x
x x x

= + + +
Example. 2
0
0
2 3
Using Taylor's series, compute the value of cos32
correct upto four decimal places, given 2 = 0.03490
Let f(x+h) = cos(x+h).
By Taylor's series f(x+h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + f ''(x) + f '''(x)+.....
2 3
h h
2 3
0 0
0 0 0
..
cos (x+h) = cosx - hsinx - cosx + sinx + .......................
2 6
Put x=30 , h=2 then f(x) = cosx
cos 32 = cos30 - 0.03490 sin 30 f '(x) = sinx
(0.034
-
h h

2
0
3
0
90)
cos30 f ''(x)= -cosx
2
(0.0349)
+ sin30 f '''(x)= sinx
6
=0.86602 - 0.01745 - 0.00060 x 0.86602 + 0.0000..............
= 0.84806
= 0.8481 correct upto 4 decimal places.
1 1
2 2
Example 3. Calculate approximate value of 10 upto 4 decimal places by taking first
four terms of Taylor's expansion.
Sol . Let f(x) = x , f(x+h) = (x+h)
Put x+h=10, x=9, h=
n
2 3
3 5
2 2
1 2 3
2
2
1 then by Taylor's expansion
f(x+h) = f(x) + hf '(x) + f ''(x) + f '''(x) upto 4 terms
2 3
1 1 3
Now, f '(x) = , f ''(x) = - x , f '''(x) = x
4 8
2
(x+h) = +
2 8 16
1
10 = 3 + +
6
h h
x
h h h
x
x x x x x
or

+
1 1
+
216 3888
= 3.0 + 0.16667 - 0.00463 + 0.000025
= 3.1623
3 5
Example 4. Using Maclaurin's series, expand log (1+x).
1
Hence deduce that log = x + + +.............
1 3 5
1 1 1
Sol . log log(1 ) log(1 )
1 2 2
Let f(x) = log (1 ). Then f '(x)
e
n
e
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x
+

+
= +

+
2
3 4
2
1 1
= , f ''(x) = -
1 (1 )
2 6
f '''(x) = + , f (x) = -
(1 ) (1 )
f(0) = 0, f '(0) = 1, f ''(0) = -1, f '''(0) = 2, f (0) 6
By Maclaurin's Theorem
f(x) = f(0) + xf '(0) + f ''(0) + .............
2
iv
iv
x x
x x
x
+ +
+ +
=
2 3 4
2 3 4
2 3 4
e
e
log (1 ) = 0+ x.1 + (-1) + (2) + (-6)+........
2 3 4
= x - + - +............
2 3 4
Changing x to -x, we get
log (1-x) = - x - - - -............
2 3 4
1
log
1
e
x x x
x
x x x
x x x
x
+
+

| |
2 3 4 2 3 4
3 5
3 5
1
= log(1 ) log(1 )
2
1
x - + - +............ - x - - - -............
2 2 3 4 2 3 4
1
2 ..........
2 3 5
..........
3 5
x x
x
x x x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
+
(
| | | |
=
( | |
\ . \ .

(
| |
= + + +
( |
\ .

= + + +
-1
-1
1 1
2
2
1
2 2
1 2 1
Ex. Expand y = sin x in powers of x using Maclaurin's infinite series expansion.
1
we have y = sin x, y = , y (0) 1
1
y (1-x ) = 1
Diff. w. r. t. x, we have
or (1-x ).2y y - 2xy = 0
or (1
x
=

2
2 1 2
2
2 1 1 2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
-x ).y - xy = 0 y (0) 0
Diff. n times by Leibnitz's Theorem
We have (1-x) ( 2 ) + ( 2) - xy - .1 0
(1-x) - 2nx - xy - n(n-1) n 0
Put x = 0 , then (0) = n
n n n
n n n n n
n n n n n
n
y c y x c y c y
or y y y y
y
+ + +
+ + +
+
=
+ =
=
n
2
3 1 4 2
5 6 7
y (0) giving
y (0) y (0) 1, y (0) = 2 y (0) 0,
y (0) 9.1 9, y (0) 0, y (0) 25.9 225
= = =
= = = = =
2 3 4 5 7
-1
3 5 7
x x x x x
sin x = 0 + x + . 0 + . 1 + . 0 + . 9 + . 225 +......
2 3 4 5 7
1 x 1.3 x 1.3.5 x
= x + . + . + . +...............
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7

Exercise
4
(1) Expand e in powers of (x+3)
(2) Expand log x in powers of (x-1) and
hence find the value of log (1.1) correct upto 4 decimal
places. [ upto the powers of (x-1) ]
(3) Expand f(x) = tanx ab
x
e
e
out x = upto the first
4
three terms by Taylor's series.
[ Hint : Here h = x- , a+h=x, a= ]
4 4
t
t t
3 2
0
11
4. Apply Taylor's theorem to calculate f where
10
f(x) = x + 3x +15x - 10
5. Using Taylor's series, expand sinx in powers of
2
Hence find the value of sin91 correct to 4 decimal place
x
t
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s.