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Stored Energy
Chapter 8
“Killer” Bees
• Descendents of African honeybees that
were imported to Brazil in the 1950s
• More aggressive, wider-ranging than other
honeybees
• Africanized bee’s muscle cells have large
mitochondria
Mitochondria
ATP Is Universal
Energy Source
• Photosynthesizers get energy from the
sun
• Evolved first
• Don’t require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
• Completed in cytoplasm
Question 2
2. State two characteristics of aerobic
pathways.
Answer 2
2. State two characteristics of aerobic
pathways.
• Evolved later
• Require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
• Completed in mitochondria
Summary Equation for Aerobic
Respiration
2 ATP 4 ATP
Glycolysis
e- + H+ (2 ATP net)
2 NADH 2 pyruvate
Overview of Aerobic
e- + H+ 2 CO2
2 NADH
e- + H+
8 NADH 4 CO2
Respiration
Krebs
Cycle
2 FADH2
e +H
- +
2 ATP
e- Electron
Transfer 32
ATP
Phosphorylation
H+ water
e- + oxygen
Typical Energy Yield: 36 ATP
Figure 8.3
Page 135
The Role of Coenzymes
• NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and
hydrogen
• Become NADH and FADH2
• Deliver electrons and hydrogen to the
electron transfer chain
Glucose
• A simple sugar
(C6H12O6)
• Atoms held
together by
covalent bonds
In-text figure
Page 136
Glycolysis Occurs
in Two Stages
• Energy-requiring steps
– ATP energy activates glucose and its six-carbon
derivatives
• Energy-releasing steps
– The products of the first part are split into three-
carbon pyruvate molecules
– ATP and NADH form
Energy-Requiring
Energy-Requiring Steps of Glycolysis
2 ATP invested
Steps
glucose
ATP
ADP
P
glucose-6-phosphate
P
fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
ADP
P P
fructose1,6-bisphosphate
P P Figure 8.4(2)
PGAL PGAL Page 137
P P
PGAL PGAL
NAD+ NAD+
Pi NADH Pi NADH
P P Energy-
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
P P
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
ADP
Releasing
ATP
ADP
ATP
P
3-phosphoglycerate Steps P
3-phosphoglycerate
P P
2-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate
H2O H2O
P P
PEP PEP
ADP ADP
ATP ATP
pyruvate pyruvate
Figure 8.4
Page 137
Glycolysis: Net Energy Yield
pyruvate
coenzyme A (CoA)
NAD+
CoA
acetyl-CoA
Krebs =CoA
acetyl-CoA
Cycle
CoA
oxaloacetate citrate
NADH H2O
NAD+ H2O
malate isocitrate
+
NAD
H2O O O
NADH
fumarate
FADH2 α-ketoglutarate
FAD NAD+ CoA
NADH O O
succinate
succinyl-CoA
• Acetyl-CoA • Coenzyme A
• 3 NAD+ • 2 CO2
• FAD • 3 NADH
• ADP and Pi • FADH2
• ATP
Results of the Second Stage
• All of the carbon atoms in pyruvate end up
in carbon dioxide
• Coenzymes are reduced (they pick up
electrons and hydrogen)
• One molecule of ATP forms
• Four-carbon oxaloacetate regenerates
Coenzyme Reductions during
First Two Stages
• Glycolysis 2 NADH
• Preparatory
reactions 2 NADH
• Krebs cycle 2 FADH2 + 6 NADH
OUTER COMPARTMENT
NADH
INNER COMPARTMENT
Making ATP:
Chemiosmotic Model
ATP
INNER
COMPARTMENT
ADP ATP synthase
+
Pi
Importance of Oxygen
• Electron transport phosphorylation
requires the presence of oxygen
ATP synthase
Question 6
6. What role does oxygen play in
respiration?
Answer 6
6. What role does oxygen play in
respiration?
2 ATP
2 NADH
4 ATP
2 ATP net
LACTATE
FORMATION
electrons, hydrogen
from NADH
2
lactate
GLYCOLYSIS
Alcoholic C6H12O6
Fermentation 2 ATP
2 NADH
4 ATP
2 ATP net
ETHANOL
FORMATION 2 H2O
2 CO2
2 acetaldehyde
electrons, hydrogen
from NADH
2 ethanol
Anaerobic Electron Transport
• Carried out by certain bacteria
• Electron transfer chain is in bacterial
plasma membrane
• Final electron acceptor is compound from
environment (such as nitrate), not oxygen
• ATP yield is low
FOOD
Alternative
fats glycogen Energy Sources
complex
carbohydrates
proteins
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
KREBS
CYCLE
Figure 8.11
Page 145
Evolution of Metabolic
Pathways
• When life originated, atmosphere had little
oxygen
• Earliest organisms used anaerobic pathways
• Later, noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
increased atmospheric oxygen
• Cells arose that used oxygen as final acceptor in
electron transport
Processes Are Linked
sunlight energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
water
+ sugar oxygen
carbon molecules
dioxide
AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
In-text figure
Page 146
Cellular Respiration Poisons