Temperature and Heat Transfer

J.T.II Olivar Faculty of Arts and Letters University of Santo Tomas 1st Semester AY 2011-2012

Outline of the Lecture

Temperature

and Heat Temperature Scales Latent Heat The Hidden Warmth Sensible Heat Daily Temperature Variations Basic Processes in Heating and Cooling the Atmosphere The Controls of Temperature Air Temperature Data

Temperature and Heat

Temperature

Is the quantity that tells us how hot or cold something is relative to some set standard value.
Kinetic

energy is the energy of motion

Is a measure of the atoms and molecules

 Heat

Is the energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them.

Temperature Scales

Latent Heat The Hidden Warmth

Water

vapor is an invisible gas that becomes visible when it changes into larger liquid or solid particles.
This process of transformation is known as a change of state (phase change). The heat energy required to change a substance, such as water, from one state to another is called latent heat.

Sensible Heat
The

heat we can feel and measure with a thermometer.

Daily Temperature Variations

Daytime

Warming

Sunlight warms the ground, and the ground warms the air in contact with it by conduction.
Nighttime

Cooling

As the sun lowers, its energy is spread over a larger area, which reduces the heat available to warm the ground.

Basic Processes in Heating and Cooling the Atmosphere

Radiation

Absorption
Reflection Scattering Transmission Conduction Convection Adiabatic

Cooling and Warming

 Radiation

is the process by which heat energy is emitted from a body.

It involves the flow of radiant energy out of the body through the air. The hotter the object the more intense its radiation. A body that emits the maximum amount of radiation possible at every wavelength is called a blackbody.

 Absorption

When insolation strikes an object and is absorbed, the temperature of the object increases. Good radiator is also a good absorber and poor radiator is a poor absorber.

 Reflection

is the ability of an object to repel waves without altering either the object or the waves.
Reflection is the opposite of absorption. If the wave is reflected, it cannot be absorbed. An object that is good absorber is a poor reflector.

 Scattering

Particulate matter and gas molecules in the air sometimes deflect light waves and redirect them. This deflection involves a change in the direction of the light wave but no change in wavelength.

 Transmission

is the process whereby a wave passes completely through a medium.

As when light waves are transmitted though a pane of clear, colorless glass.

 Conduction

is the movement of heat energy from one molecule to another without changes in their relative positions.
This process enables heat to be transferred from one part of a stationary body to another or from one object to a second object when the two are in contact.

 Convection

is the transfer of heat from one point to another by a moving liquid or gas.
In convection the molecules physically move away from the heat source. Advection is the horizontal movement of liquid or gas.

 Adiabatic

Cooling and Warming

Whenever air descends, its temperature changes. Adiabatic cooling is is cooling by expansion in rising air. Adiabatic warming is warming by compression in descending air.

The Controls of Temperature

Factors

that cause variations in temperature from one place to another.

1. 2. 3. 4. Latitude Land and Water distribution Ocean currents Elevation

Air Temperature Data

Daily

(diurnal) range of temperature Mean daily temperature Annual range temperature Mean (average) annual temperature

 Daily

(diurnal) range of temperature

The difference between the daily maximum and mean temperatures

Mean

daily temperature

The average of the highest and lowest temperature for a 24-hour period The average temperature for each month is the average of the daily mean temperatures for that month

 Annual

range temperature

The difference between the average temperature of the warmest and coldest months
Mean

(average) annual temperature

The average of the twelve monthly average temperatures