Organizational Behavior / Perception

Organizational Behavior / Perception

Organizational Behavior / Perception

Organizational Behavior / Perception

Organizational Behavior / Perception

 WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.

Perception
The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship. Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Organizational Behavior / Perception

The Perceptual Process

1. Sensation An individuals ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. 2. Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.

3.Organization

The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for storage.
The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.
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4.Translation

Organizational Behavior / Perception

The Perceptual Process Environmental stimuli

All available stimuli for an observer

Stimuli that are the point of focus for the observer Image of stimulus on receptor cells

Attended stimuli

Stimulus on the receptors

Figure 1.2 (a) We take the woods as the starting point for our description of the perceptual process. Everything in the woods is the environmental stimulus. (b) Ellen focuses on the moth, which becomes the attended stimulus.

The Perceptual Process - continued Transduction Change from environmental energy to electrical energy in the nervous system Neural processing Interconnected neurons that propagate the electrical signal from receptor cells throughout the brain

Figure 1.3 (a) An image of the moth is formed on Ellens retina. (b) Transduction occurs when the receptors create electrical energy in response to the light. (c) This electrical energy is processed through networks of neurons.

The Perceptual Process- continued Perception

Conscious sensory experience

Ability to place objects in categories that provide meaning Motor activities that occur in reference to the perceived and recognized object

Recognition

Action

Figure 1.4 (a) Ellen has conscious perception of the moth. (b) She recognizes the moth. (c) She takes action by walking toward the tree to get a better view.

Figure 1.1 The perceptual process. The steps in this process are arranged in a circle to emphasize the fact that the process is dynamic and continually changing. Blue point to stimuli; green to processing; red to perceptual responses. Arrows A, B, and C indicate three important relationships that researchers measure.

Two Interacting Aspects of Perception Bottom-up processing

Processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment

Also called data-based processing Processing based on the perceivers previous knowledge

Top-down processing

Also called knowledge-based processing

Figure 1.6 Perception is determined by an interaction between bottom-up processing, which starts with the image of the receptors, and top-down processing, which brings the observers knowledge into play. In this example, (a) the image of the moth on Ellens retina initiates bottom-up processing, and (b) her prior knowledge of moths contributes to top-down processing.

Perceptual Process Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal)

Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature,

Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest,

Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection

Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

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Factors influencing perception

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.

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Factors influencing Perception

Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

Perception

Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity
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Perceptual organization
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.

Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are Figure ground Perceptual grouping

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Figure-Ground Illustration
Field-ground differentiation

The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.

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PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn. Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity Tendency to form individual stimuli into a meaningful pattern by continuity, closure, proximity, or similarity

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Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Common perceptual distortions include: Stereotypes or prototypes. Halo effects. Selective perception. Projection. Contrast effects. Self-fulfilling prophecy.

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Stereotypes or prototypes.
Combines information based on the category or class

to which a person, situation, or object belongs.

the tendency to assign attributes to someone solely

on the basis of the category of people, of which that person is a member

Strong impact at the organization stage.
Individual differences are obscured.
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What are common perceptual distortions?

Halo effects. Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation. the process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable Likely to occur in the organization stage. Individual differences are obscured. Important in the performance appraisal process.
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What are common perceptual distortions?

Selective perception. The tendency to single out those aspects of a

situation, person, or object that are consistent with ones needs, values, or attitudes. Strongest impact is at the attention stage. Perception checking with other persons can help counter the adverse impact of selective perception.

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Projection. The assignment of ones personal attributes to other individuals. the tendency for people to see their own traits in others Especially likely to occur in interpretation stage. Projection can be controlled through a high degree of self-awareness and empathy.
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What are common perceptual distortions?

Contrast effects.
Occur when an individual is compared to

other people on the same characteristics on which the others rank higher or lower.

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What are common perceptual distortions?

Self-fulfilling prophecy. The tendency to create or find in another situation or individual that which one expected to find. Also called the Pygmalion effect. expecting certain things to happen will shape the behavior of the perceiver in such a way that the expected is more likely to happen Can have either positive or negative outcomes. Managers should adopt positive and optimistic approaches to people at work.
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What is attribution theory?

Attribution theory aids in perceptual

interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:

Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the

event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.

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What is attribution theory?

Internal versus external attributions of

causes of behavior.
Internal causes are under the individuals

control.
External causes are within the persons

environment.

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What is attribution theory?

Factors influencing internal and external

attributions.
Distinctiveness consistency of a persons

behavior across situations. Consensus likelihood of others responding in a similar way. Consistency whether an individual responds the same way across time.

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Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

observation

Interpretation
H Distictinctiveness L H

Attribution of cause
External Internal External Internal

Individual behavior

Consensus L

H Consistency
Organizational Behavior / Perception

Internal External
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H high

L- Low

Distictiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation

Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner?

Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ?

YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness

No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus

Organizational Behavior / Perception

Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency

Internal Attribution
External Attributi on

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perceptual consistency
Perceptual consistency is where things we see remain stable even though our eyes, head, and body are constantly moving. An example is when you walk towards your car it seems to remain the same size in the same location, even though the retinal image is growing larger and moving erratically as you walk.

Perceptual Context
By inferring the meaning of a sentence from the context in which it was uttered, a sentence-meaning pair could be automatically constructed.

The mind is not a camera; its not a passive machine. So the higher cognitive context, what you expect to see, what you hope to see, what other people see, etc., affects what you actually see and that may cause a lot of distortions in your perception and evaluation of information.

PERCEPTUAL DEFENCE
The tendency of perceivers to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or people that are threatening to them is called perceptual defence. It is a function of selective perception which protects the individual from threatening or contradictory stimuli. Example

When consumers have strong beliefs and attitudes about a brand. If the message does not conform to what they believe, they are less likely to perceive. If someone sees an ad for vegetables, they may choose to ignore it if they eat fast food every day. When consumers have consistent experience with a brand. Brand-loyals are less likely to switch, regardless of how much better another product is. When anxiety is produced by a stimulus. If an overweight person sees an ad for Weight Watchers or a gym, they may disregard the message because that stimuli produces fears and anxieties. When there is a high level of postpurchase dissonance. Consumers will search out positive information about a brand after they have purchased that brand and they will ignore the negative information