METABOLISM, GROWTH, AND AGING

by Maria Christina Angela Patrico Rillah S

METABOLISM

Metabolism literally: change Metabolism refer to all the chemical and energy transformation that occur in the body Catabolismprocess that liberate energy
Carbohydrate,

fat and proteinoxidationCO2, H2O,

and energy

Anabolismprocess that need energystored in the form of energy-rich phosphate compounds and also proteins, fats, and complex carbohydrates

Factors affecting metabolism:

Height,
Sex Age

weight, and surface area

Growth
Reproduction Body

temperature Emotional state Thyroid hormone level

ENERGY BALANCE

First Law of Thermodynamics Balance between caloric intake and energy output If caloryless than the energy output negative balanceendogenous storesglycogen, body protein & fat are catabolized loses weight If calory from the food intake exceeds energy loss (heat and work) positive balanceenergy is stored, gains weight

Energy from ingested nutrients may be used immediately or stored 1. Energy atp, phosphocreatine, or other high energy compounds 2. Synthesis needed for growth and maintenance of cells and tissues 3. Storage glycogen and fat storage makes energy available for times or fasting

ENERGY TRANSFER

Energy formation of bond between using high energy phosphate compounds The energy is released hydrolysis of the bond The most important: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) hydrolysis ADP (Adenosine Dihosphate) liberate energy Others: creatine phosphate (phosphorylcreatine; CrP) in muscles, coenzyme A (CoA)

BIOLOGIC OXIDATIONS

Biologic oxidations are catalyzed by specific enzymes Cofactors (simple ions) or coenzymes (organic, nonprotein substances) are substances that act as carriers for products of the reaction catalyze a variety of reactions Most coenzymes is a hydrogen acceptors Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) forming dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) forming flavin mononucleotide (FMN)combines with AMP, forming the

Oxidative Phosphorilation

The spesific absorbed nutrient depends on whether the biomolucule is a carbohydrate, protein, or fat. Carbhohydrates absorbed glucose Proteins absorbed amino acids Fats absorbed fatty acids and glycerol

Glucose Metabolism

Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis

Glucose Metabolism

Cyctric Acid Cycle

Glycogen Formation and Breakdown

ENERGY PRODUCTION

On anaerobic condition 2 ATP On aerobic condition 19x greater 38 ATP:

mol of phosphoglyceraldehyde converted to phosphoglycerate 2 NADHs 6 ATP Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA 2 NADHS 6 ATP 2 turns of Cytric Acid cycle 24 ATP (18 from 6 NADHs, 4 from 2 FADH2s, 2 from Succynil CoA succinate)
2

Energy Production

Amino Acid Metabolism

Gluconeogenesis and Transaminase of Amino Acid

Fatty Acid Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Cholesterol

Formation of Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes

Human body devide metabolism: fed / absorptive state anabolic state fasted/ postabsorptive state catabolic state

Carbohydrates glucose In the fed state 1. used immediately for energy through aerobic pathways 2. used for lipoprotein synthesis in the liver 3. excess converted to fat and storage in adipose tissue ( glucose pyruvate acetyl CoA fatty acids)

Proteins amino acids In the fed state 1. protein synthesis 2. If needed for energy amino acids convert in liver to intermediates for aerobic metabolism 3. excess converted to fat and storage in adipose tissue ( amino acids acetyl CoA fatty acids)

Fats tryglycerides In the fed state stored as fats primarily in liver and adipose tissue

During fasting Liver glycogen is broken down adds glucose to the bloodstream More prolonged fasting glycogen is depleted + increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids and glycerol in the liver

Homeostatic control of metabolism

Pancreatic hormones Insulin and glucagon the ratio of insulin to glucagon is a key to metabolic regulation Insulin anabolic increasing the storage of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids Glucagon catabolic mobilizing glucose, fatty acids, and the amino acids from stores into the bloodstream

Actions of insulin: Increase glucose and amino acids transport into insulin sensitive cells Enhances storage of glucose (glycogen syntesis) Enchances storage of amino acids Stimulation of protein synthesis Increased lipid and fatty acid synthesis Parasympathetic activity

Actions of glucagon: Increased breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) Increases gluconeogenesis Increases breakdown of lipid (lipolysis) Increased keton bodies formation (ketogenesis) Inotropic effect in heart

Adrenal glucocorticoids hormones: Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis Cortisol cause the breakdown of skeletal muscle protein to provide substrate for gluconeogenesis Cortisol suppresses the immune system On large dose, cortisol is catabolic on bone tissue

GROWTH

Growth is a complex phenomenon orderly sequence of maturational changes accretion of protein and increase in length and size (not just weight) Affected by growth hormone, somatomedins, thyroid hormones, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and insulin Other factors: genetic, and adequate nutrition (protein, vitamin, mineral, calories)

Growth Periods

1.

2 Period of rapid growth: Infancy

Continuation from fetal growth period

2.

Late puberty

Growth spurt due to growth hormone, androgens, and estrogens growth stop closure of epiphyses by estrogens

Puberty

Puberty marks the beginning of the reproductive years Puberty is the period when a person makes a transition from the being nonproductive to being reproductive. In girls menarche, telarche, pubarche In boys secondary sex characteristics

AGING

Aging is a general physiologic process that is as yet poorly understood Aging decrease of processes affects cells and the systems also tissue components (eg. collagen) Declines in the circulating levels of some sex hormones, the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone, and growth hormone

Theories of aging: 1. Result of random mutations in the DNA of somatic cells 2. Cumulative abnormalities produced by increased cross-linkage of collagen and other proteins 3. Cumulative result of damage to tissues by free radicals formed in them

Menopause and andropause

Women reproductive cycles stop completely at the time known as menopause The failure of reproductive cycles is caused by the ovaries, which no longer respond to gonadotropins (pituitary function is normal) In women symptoms hot flashes, athropy of the genitalia, osteoporosis, night sweats, psychic symptoms In men testoterone production decreases with ages There is no "male menopause" (andropause) similar to that occurring in women

Thank You