TRA VINH UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1
Covalent Bonding and Shape of Molecules

CHAPTER 1: Covalent Bonding and Shape of Molecules

1.1 Electronic Structure of Atoms 1.2 Lewis Model of Bonding 1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of Covalent Bonding 1.4 Resonance

1.1 Electronic Structure of Atoms

1.1 Electronic Structure of Atoms

Electron Configuration of Atoms

C (Z=6): 1s2 2s2 2p2

O (Z=8): 1s2 2s2 2p4

1.2 Lewis Model of Bonding Octet Rule: Group 1A 7A elements react to achieve an outer shell of eight valence electrons

Atoms acquire completed valence shells

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond

1.2 Lewis Model of Bonding

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

a. B, Al in group IIIA
.. F : .. .. F: .. B .. F .. :

b. Atoms of third period elements

Cl Cl

Cl P

Cl Cl

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

Orbital s Orbital p

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

py

H
H pz

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

p-p

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

sp3 Hybrid Orbitals

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

sp3 Hybrid Orbitals

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

sp2 Hybrid Orbitals

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

sp2 Hybrid Orbitals

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

sp Hybrid Orbitals

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding A. Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding

sp Hybrid Orbitals

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding B. The Molecular Orbital

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding B. The Molecular Orbital

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding B. The Molecular Orbital

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding B. The Molecular Orbital

1.3 The Molecular Orbital and Valence Bond Theories of covalent Bonding The Molecular Orbital Theory

1s
H
1s

H
1s

1s

1.6 Resonance

.. O C ..

.. O: .. .. O: ..

.. O: .. - .. :O C .. .. O ..

.. O - .. .. :O C .. .. O: ..

Acceptable Contributing Structure:

1. The same number of valence shell 2. Obey the rules of covalent bonding 3. The positions of all nuclei must be the same 4. The same number of paired and unpaired electron

1.6 Resonance

.. .. H3C O N ..

.. O:

.. .. _ (+) H3C O N O : ( ) ..

.. O: ( +) H3C N .. O: ..

1.6 Resonance
.. H O: C (_ ) :O : .. .. (_ ) O: ..

C O: ..

.. H O: . . C _ :O :( ) ..