Telecommunication Networks and Services

Telecommunication Networks and Services
Prepared by Dr AL-Khalid Othman Department Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNIMAS
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services
About the course

This course covers the important elements of
telecommunication networks, international standards organization, telecommunication transmission techniques, switching systems, telecommunication traffic engineering, advanced telecommunication networks and systems and an overview of Malaysian telecommunications industry.
Course Aim
The aim of the course is to expose the
student with the understanding of the telecommunication network and services both internationally and locally.
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this course the
student is capable of :

discussing the telecommunication industries and its related area differentiating between different switching technology being used and their advantages and disadvantages respectively describing new and advanced telecommunication networking and services identifying telecommunication network and services in Malaysia
Teaching - Learning Approach

Lectures
Class tutorials
Assessment
Test 1
Test 2
Assignments Final Examination
15% 15% 20% 50%
Resources
[1] A.L. Garcia & I. Widjaja, Communications Networks- Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures, McGraw-Hill Series, 2000. [2] S. Kasera & P. Sethi, ATM Networks- Concept and Protocol, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2001 [3] W. Stallings, ISDN and Broadband ISDN with Frame Relay and ATM, 4th Edition Prentice Hall, 1999 [4] W. Goralski, Frame Relay for High Speed Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. [5] P.S. Neelakanta, A Text Book on ATM Telecommunications, Principle and Implementation, CRC Press, 2000. [6] Malaysia Government, The National Telecommunication Policy of Malaysia (1994-2020). [7] Malaysia's Regulatory Policy Update APEC Telecommunications and Information Working Group 27th Meeting | 24-28 March 2003| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [8] McCarthy Tetrault, Telecommunication Regulation Handbook Module 5, Competition Policy, 2000. [9] Byeong Gi Lee and Sunghyun Choi, Broadband Wireless Access and Local Networks: Mobile WiMax and WiFi, Artech House, 2008 [10] Juangzhou Wang, High Speed Wireless Communications: 3G Long-Term Evolution, and 4G Mobile System, Cambridge University Press, 2008. [11] Shih-Lin Wu and Yu-Chee Tseng (eds), Wireless Ad Hoc Networking: Personal-Area, LocalArea, and the Sensory-Area Networks, Auerbach Publications, 2007
Introduction Telecommunication Networks and Services
The Development of Telecommunications Network Structures and Services

The success of a new services Technology Standards
Market
Regulation
Factor 1: Technology
Fundamental physical
considerations Technology capabilities based on S- shaped curve New invention of technology
Capability
Time
10
Factor 2: Regulation
Based on Government regulation
Regulation provide a framework that
determines what types of services and networks can be implemented. Addressing the issue of which information should be available to people over a telecommunications networks.
11
Factor 3: Market
Determined by customer Depend on cost, usefulness, and appeal of
the service. Cost of services decrease with the size of the subscriber base due to economies of scale Usefulness of service frequently depends on there being a critical mass of subscribers Example: email depend on destination Appeal of service depends on comfortability of service
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services 12
Factor 4: Standard
Basically, an agreement to ensure
interoperable among equipment vendors. Capable talk to one another Have a choice of buying equipment from multiple suppliers Standard are extremely important in telecommunications where the value of a network is to large extent determined by the size of the community that can be reached.
Discussion
What are the criteria of designing a
communication network?
14
Communication Design Consideration

Range Power Cost Bandwidth Speed Reliability Convenience Accuracy
15
Range
The further information has to be transmitted, the
more difficult it is to get the message through uncorrupted Wired link require repeaters for long distances but work well at low frequencies. Coaxial, optical fibre work with long distance and high frequencies. Terrestrial radio links require different frequencies for different purposes, eg., HF (long distance ionosphere communication across the world); VHF (variety shorter rage uses); UHF (give large BW for TV); medium wave for broadcasting.
Power
Less power at sending end (Tx), simpler and cheaper
for transmitting installation but Rx can be more complex.

Radiated power may need to be kept high to allow
the use of cheap receivers (radio broadcasting)
17
Cost
Has to be kept as low as is compatible with achieving
the desired system performance.
18
Bandwidth
Large BW increase of cost and complexity of system
design. Example, in telephone channel, the BW is halved at the start by using SSB (single sided) techniques and then making what is left for the voices. The standard voice frequency channel for telephone is 4KHz.
19
Speed
Cheaper system sending information teleprinters,
facsimile, SMS. Sending faster information, more BW required but less time.
20
Reliability
How much does it matter if your signal arrives
corrupted? The aim is to use the cheapest system which will give acceptable reproducibility of signal.
21
Convenience
Encompasses a multitude of factors of which most
restricting technically is the need for new systems to be compatible with the existing system. Use more comprehensive integrated circuits whereas possible (must be digital); ease for production and cheap for repairing. Upgrading the system
22
Accuracy/Quality
The received signal must be accurate compared to
the original but required more complex and expensive communication system.
23
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK

The Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) Analog Circuits What is Sound? The Voiceband Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)
24
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Many communication technologies are based on
the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) - voice, data or networking. It is important to have an understanding of the structure and operation of the telephone network.
25
What is the basic model for the telephone network?

At the top of the diagram, we have a
telephone and a telephone switch. The telephone is located in a building called a Customer Premise (CP), and the telephone switch is located in a building called a Central Office (CO). One could refer to the telephone as Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).
26
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
27
PSTN
The telephone is connected to the telephone switch
with two copper wires, often called a local loop or a subscriber loop, or simply a loop. This a dedicated access circuit from the customer premise into the network. We usually have the same arrangement at the other end, with the far-end telephone in a different customer premise and the far-end telephone switch usually in a different central office.
28
Connection - Why copper?

Copper is a good conductor of electricity - but
not perfect: it has some resistance to the flow of electricity through it. Because of this, the signals on the loop diminish in intensity or attenuate with distance, and if the loop were too long, you wouldn't be able to hear the other person.
29
PSTN
The maximum resistance allowed is usually 1300 ohms, which
works out to about 18,000 feet or 18 kft, which is 3 miles or 5 km on standard-thickness 26-gauge cable, but could be as long as 14 miles or 22 km on thicker 19-gauge cable. Thus, COs traditionally had a serving area of three miles radius around them, about 27 square miles or 75 km2. With suburban sprawl, we can't build COs every five miles, so in practice, new subdivisions are served from remote switches, which are low-capacity switches in small huts or underground controlled environment vaults. local loop is essential.
30
PSTN
The remote provides telephone service locally on the
loops in the subdivision. The remote and the loops are connected back to the nearest CO via a loop carrier system that uses fiber or radio. Telephone switches are connected with trunks. While subscriber loops are dedicated access circuits, trunks are shared connections between COs.
31
Discuss what do understand about PSTN
structure.
32
To establish a connection between one customer
premise and another, the desired network address (telephone number) is signaled to the network (to the CO switch or remote) over the loop, then the switch seizes an unused trunk circuit going in the correct direction and the connects the loop to that trunk - for the duration of the call. When one end or the other hangs up, the trunk is released for someone else to connect between those two COs.
33
PSTN
This method for sharing the trunks is known
as circuit switching.
34
Voice and data equipment which connects to
the PSTN over regular telephone lines must work within the characteristics of the local loop, so an understanding of the characteristics and limitations of the local loop is essential.
35
Analog Circuits
Telephones transmit information over copper
wires using voltage Voltage is a representation of analog from speakers voice Analog circuit
36
Analog Circuits
The technique for representing information on an
ordinary local loop is called analog. The term analog comes from the design of the telephone.
A microphone in the telephone handset is placed in the path of the sound pressure waves coming out of the speakers throat. As the sound pressure waves hit the microphone, they change its electrical characteristics.
37
Analog Circuits
The electrical characteristics of the microphone
change as the sound pressure waves hit it to make a voltage on the telephone wires change. This voltage is a representation or analog of the sound pressure waves. This is all we mean by analog: representation. The voltage on the wires is an analog of the sound pressure waves coming out of the speakers throat.
38
What is Sound?

Sound is a wave, a longitudinal wave Sound needs a medium to travel Sound vibrates the air like a slinky An echo is a reflection of sound of an object. It's like playing tennis Sound travels at the speed of sound, surprise! (331 m/s) The sound phenomena we hear when an ambulance passes us by is known as the Doppler Effect
39
The Voiceband
In electronics, voice band means the typical human
hearing frequency range that is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. In telephony, it means the frequency range normally transmitted by a telephone line, generally about 200 3600 Hz. Frequency-division multiplexing in telephony normally uses 4 kHz carrier spacing. The rate at which the amplitude of a signal drops off near the upper and lower limits can vary with the design of the band-pass filters.
40
The question of frequency spacing was addressed at
an international meeting in the 1930s. Germany and Britain favored 2 kHz spacing, while the Netherlands and some other countries preferred 6 kHz. The question was compromised at the American position, which was the 4 kHz spacing that remained standard and also fixed the standard PCM sample rate at 8 kHz, which in turn defines what "voiceband" means for this purpose.
41
Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)

Plain old telephone service, or POTS, is a term
which describes the voice-grade telephone service that remains the basic form of residential and small business service connection to the telephone network in most parts of the world. The name is a reflection of the telephone service still available after the advent of more advanced forms of telephony such as ISDN, mobile phones and VoIP.
42
POTS
It has been available almost since the
introduction of the public telephone system in the late 19th century, in a form mostly unchanged to the normal user despite the introduction of Touch-Tone dialing, electronic telephone exchanges and fiber-optic communication into the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
43
POTS
The system was originally known as the Post
Office Telephone Service or Post Office Telephone System in many countries. The term was dropped as telephone services were removed from the control of national post offices.
44
POTS services :
bi-directional, or full duplex, voice path with limited
frequency range of 300 to 3400 Hz: in other words, a signal to carry the sound of the human voice both ways at once; call-progress tones, such as dial tone and ringing signal; subscriber dialing; operator services, such as directory assistance, long distance, and conference calling assistance; a standards compliant analog telephone interface including BORSCHT functions
45
BORSCHT functions
BORSCHT circuitry is typically located on a telecommunications
network line card and is increasingly integrated into a chipset by several semiconductor companies for low-cost implementation of a standard POTS telephone interface for non-traditional telephony networks such as cable television networks, fiber optic, VoIP and wireless local loop.
Battery feed - device or system that supplies electrical or other types of
energy to an output load or group of loads.

Overvoltage protection-Used transient voltage suppressor or TVS -a
general classification of an array of devices that are designed to react to sudden or momentary overvoltage conditions.
Ringing-is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call.
46
BORSCHT functions
Supervision-a loop start is a supervisory signal given
by a telephone or PBX in response to the completion of the loop circuit, commonly referred to as 'off-hook'. Codec- device or program capable of performing encoding and decoding on a digital data stream or signal. Hybrid-is a single transformer that has three windings Testing
47
POTS other features :

Many calling features became available to POTS
subscribers after computerization of telephone exchanges during the 1970s and 1980s. The services include: Voicemail - is a centralized system of managing telephone messages for a large group of people. Caller ID - is a telephone service that transmits the caller's number to the called party's telephone equipment during the ringing signal or when the call is being set up but before the call is answered.
48
Call waiting - If a calling party places a call to a called
party which is otherwise engaged, and the called party has the call waiting feature enabled, Speed dialing is the use of a very short series of telephone numbers to reach public services. Typically these are two or three digits, and are most commonly known as being emergency telephone numbers like 1-1-2 and 9-1-1. Conference call (three-way calling) - is a telephone call in which the calling party wishes to have more than one called party listen in to the audio portion of the call.
49
POTS-Summary
The communications circuits of the PSTN continue to be
modernized by advances in digital communications, however, other than improving sound quality, these changes have been mainly transparent to the POTS customer. The function of the POTS local loop presented to the customer for connection to telephone equipment is practically unchanged and remains compatible even with telephones built in the early 20th century. Due to the wide availability of POTS, new forms of communications devices such as modems and facsimile machines are designed to use the POTS service to transmit digital information.
50
Discussion
What is the procedure for the telephone
network to be connected?
51
CONNECTING TELEPHONE NETWORK
52
IP-Telephony
What is Voice-over-IP? Voice-over-Internet-Protocol or Voice-over-IP or VoIP allows one to send a voice transmission via a network instead of the standard telephone infrastructure. Calls can be routed via the Internet, wide area network (WAN), or local area network (LAN).
53
What is an IP-PBX (Internet Protocol Private Branch eXchange) ?

An IP-PBX is a customer premises business phone
system that manages telephones throughout the enterprise and acts as a gateway to both voice and data networks. An IP-PBX allows you to place calls using a network instead of standard telephone infrastructure. Telephones can be connected to the IP-PBX via the network and calls can be routed via the network instead of the standard public switched telephone network.
54
What are the advantages of an IPPBX system?
55
What are the advantages of an IPPBX system?

Multiple Branch Offices
With VoIP, expanding your business phone system to
multiple branch office sites is easy. Integrated IP Gateways allow you to traffic calls between offices over the Internet and save on long distance charges. Dialing branch offices is as easy as calling an extension down the hall. Make certain that your IP-PBX has an administration tool that simplifies the process of configuring IP gateways between remote systems.
56
Toll Bypass
IP-PBXs enable businesses to reduce the cost
of long distance calling by routing calls inexpensively over IP networks. If you have overseas facilities, using an IP-PBX could reduce your business's costs significantly.
57
Remote Office
Even if your business has a single remote office, an IP-
PBX can give you the flexibility to pick an affordable solution. Purchasing a solution that allows for a small or large number of IP trunks might be right for you.
Work From Home
Vertical's sophisticated IP-PBX software extends easily
and seamlessly to your telecommuters, contractors, and consultants and makes them part of the corporate phone system.
58
Ubiquity and low cost make telephone network an essential component of computer communications. Telephone network operate on basis of circuit switching. Circuit switching involves setting up physical path from one telephone across network to other telephone. At telephone offices operators make physical connections that allows electric current to flow from one telephone to the other.
59
Examples
IP Telephony
PBX 3CX
Etc.
60
Signaling
Signaling refers to the control functions performed to
setup a phone call. Signaling between users and the local exchange in the central office is quite simple: dial-tone, punch numbers, put phone down, etc. Signaling between exchanges/switches is more complicated and is done via a separate network, which uses packet switching.
61

The switch prepares to accept dialed digits
and provides user with dial tone. User then enter telephone number that generates sequence of pulses or sequence of tones. Switch equipment converts these pulses or tones into a telephone number. The call setup procedure involves finding a path from source to destination.

Fig 12 shows a typical arrangement in a metropolitan area.
Fig. 12: Routing in typical metropolitan area
63
Addressing and Routing

Each subscriber has an address (telephone number) Addresses are hierarchical Example: Dominos Pizza in downtown Charlottesville 1 804 979 2656 1 804 979 country code; area code; number of local exchange; 2656 Subscriber number The information contained in a telephone address is exploited when establishing a route from caller to callee.
64
International standard organisations for telecommunications
65
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

ITU is based in Geneva Comprises of members: countries, industrial companies
and international organizations. 1st July 1994- 3 main sectors 1st sector- Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) responsible for setting standards for public voice and data services (formerly the remit of the Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony or CCITT) 2nd sector-Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) is responsible for radio frequency spectrum management for both space and terrestrial use to be performed by the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR). 3rd sector-The development sector (ITU-D) is responsible for improving telecommunications equipment and systems in developing countries.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Organize conference on world and/or regional basis and
operate study group G-Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks H- Audiovisual and multimedia systems I- Integrated services digital network P-Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networks Q-Switching and signalling R-Telegraph transmission S-Telegraph services terminal equipment U-Telegraph switching
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/publications/recs.html
Other Organizations
International Organization for Standardization-
concerns on software issue
Main contribution of ISO -OSI 7 layers
International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC)-
hardware issue European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)- developing wide range standards and other technical documentation as Europes contribution to worldwide standardization in telecommunications, broadcasting and information technology.
68
End of Part 1
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Telecommunication Networks and Services

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Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

About the course

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Teaching - Learning Approach

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

15% 15% 20% 50%

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Introduction Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

The Development of Telecommunications Network Structures and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

considerations Technology capabilities based on S- shaped curve New invention of technology

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Regulation provide a framework that

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Communication Design Consideration

Range Power Cost Bandwidth Speed Reliability Convenience Accuracy

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

for transmitting installation but Rx can be more complex.

the use of cheap receivers (radio broadcasting)

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

the desired system performance.

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

THE TELEPHONE NETWORK

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

What is the basic model for the telephone network?

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Connection - Why copper?

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Discuss what do understand about PSTN

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

To establish a connection between one customer

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Voice and data equipment which connects to

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

The question of frequency spacing was addressed at

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services

Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)

KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and Services