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Mobile Radio Propagation
Dr. Nasir D.
Gohar
Where: ai is the amplitude of the scattered signal, p(t) is the transmitted signal
(pulse) shape, ti is the time taken by the pulse to reach the receiver, N is the
number of different paths taken by the signal to reach receiver, and fc is the carrier
frequency
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 4
Mobile Radio Propagation
The Multi-path Environment - contd.
a b
No direct
Diffracted Reflected
wave path
wave
a a
Antenna y=a+b Antenna y=0
b b
Complete fading
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 5
Mobile Radio Propagation
Fading
Is due to multi-path propagation.
With respect to a stationary base station, multipath
propagation creates a stochastic standing wave pattern,
30
Fast fading
20
10
Slow fading
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Distance (λ)
Exact representation of fading characteristics is not possible,
because of infinite number of situation.
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 7
Mobile Radio Propagation
Fading - Slow (Long) Term
Slower variation in mean signal strength as the receiver
moves behind buildings and the propagation paths are
obscured
Variations of up to 20dB will cause handovers and
change quality-of-service
Caused by shadowing:
Terrain configuration: Results in local
mean (long term fading) attenuation and
fluctuation.
The built environment (rural and urban
areas etc.), between base station and
the mobile unit:
Results in local mean attenuation
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 8
Mobile Radio Propagation
Fading- Fast (Short) Term
Describes the constant amplitude fluctuations in the received
signal as the mobile moves.
Caused by multipath reflection of transmitted signal by local
scatters (houses, building etc.)
Observed over distances = λ/2
Signal variation up to 30 dB.
Is a frequency selective phenomenon.
Can be described using Raleigh statistics, (no line of sight).
Can be described using Rician statistics, (line of sight).
Causes random fluctuations in the received power, and also
Distorts the pulse carrying the information.
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 9
Mobile Radio Propagation
Fading- Fast (Short) Term - contd.
A received signal amplitude is given as the sum of
delayed components. In terms of phasor notation it is
given as:
N
er (t ) = ∑ ai cos (2πf c + φ i )
i =1
Or
N N
er (t ) = cos( 2πf ct ) ∑ ai cos (φi ) − sin( 2πf ct ) ∑ ai sin( φi )
i =1 i =1
In-phase Quadrature
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 10
Mobile Radio Propagation
2 2 0.5
A = (X + Y ) Which will be Raleigh distributed.
Rayleigh
Probability
density
function
Exponential
A or power P
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 12
Mobile Radio Propagation
Raleigh Distribution
If the impulse response h(τ , t) of the mobile
radio station is time invariant (without a
significant deterministic ) and has zero mean,
then the envelope of the impulse response
has a Rayleigh Distribution given as:
r r2
p ( r ) = 2 exp −
2
σ 2σ
Fading
Multi-path create small-scale fading
effects
Rapid changes in the signal strength
due to movement and/or time
Random frequency modulation due to
Doppler shift on different multipath
propagation paths
Time dispersion due to multipath
propagation delay
Field strength
V
V
Stationary
V t
V
Field strength
No scattered signals Signal level
θ
V
t
The received signal at the mobile is:
j ( 2 πf t −βx cos θ)
r s = Ae
x = Vt
Amplitude Wave number =2π/
λ
Transmitting frequency
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 17
Mobile Radio Propagation
SMALL SCALE MULTI-PATH PROPAGATION
Multi-path reception of several versions of the same transmitted
radio signal arriving at certain location [Rx] causes fading effects.
x(t) y(t)
h(t)
Fig-1: Impulse Response Model of a LTI system. The output signal y(t) can be obtained from the
convolution of the input signal x(t) with the IR = h(t) of the system. If x(t) is band limited
signal, y(t) is also band limited regardless h(t) is band limited or not. So, we can assume
LTI system to be band limited if the input is band limited.
d spatial position
As the velocity can be assumed constant over a small time interval (short
distance), so, Mobile Radio Channel can be assumed as a time varying
multi-path channel where t represents time variation due to MS in motion
and τ represents the channel multi-path delay for a fixed value of t.
x(t) y(t)
h(t, τ ) = Re { hb (t, τ) exp (jwct)}
c(t) r(t)
h(t, τ ) = ½ hb (t, τ)
Here c(t) and r(t) are the complex envelop of x(t) and y(t) such
that x(t) = Re { c(t) exp (j2π fc t)} and y(t) = Re { r(t) exp (j2π fc t)}
Average Power of BP signal x2 (t) = ½ |c(t) |2, over bar denotes
ensemble average of stochastic signal.
hb (t, τ) = Σ ai (t, τ) exp [j(ωc τi(t)+ φi(t, τ) )] δ (t, τi(t)). Sum over I = 0 to N-1
where ai (t, τ) and τi(t)) are real amplitude and excess delay of ith multi-
path component at time t.
The power delay profile of the channel is found by taking the spatial
average of | hb (t, τ) |2 over a local area.
The received power delay profile is given P(t, τ) ≈ k| hb (t, τ) |2 , k is the
gain relating the transmitted power in the probing pulse to the total power
received.
T.S. Rappaport Ch 4-5 NDG Notes 23
Mobile Radio Propagation
Multipath Channel: Impulse Response Model
If a CW signal is transmitted into the channel, let the complex
envelop be given by c(t) = 2, then, instantaneous complex
envelop of received signal is given as
r(t) = Σ ai exp [jθi(t, τ) )] , summation over i = 0 to N-1
………………..E-01
The RMS Delay Spread σ τ : It is the square root of the second central
moment of the power delay profile and is given as
………………..E-02
where
………………..E-03
Fig-3: Example of an indoor power delay profile, mean excess delay, rms delay spread and excess delay spread
Fig-03: Clarke’s Simulator using AM with a [a] Doppler Filter [b] Base-Band
Doppler Filter