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functions
Blood is pump by the heart through blood vessels, which extend throughout the body. Blood helps to maintain homeostatis in several ways: Transport o gases, nutrients, and waste products Transport o processed molecules Transport o regulatory molecules
FUNCTIONS
regulation of pH and osmosis Maintenance o body temperature Protection against foreign substances Clot formation
Composition
Connective tissue-Two parts Plasma = soluble materials (~55%) Formed Elements = cells (~45%) Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) = hematocrit (Hct) White blood cells (WBC) ~1%
Plasma
~91% water, 7% proteins, 1.5 % other solutes Proteins: Albumin (54%)- osmosis and carriers; Globulins (38%)- antibodies Fibrinogen (7%)- clotting Other: Electrolytes , nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins & waste products
Composition
Plasma Components Water Functions and Examples Acts as a solvent and suspending medium or blood
components
Proteins Maintains osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy foreign substances (antibodies and complement), transport molecules (albumin, globulins), and form clots (fibrinogen) Ions Involved in osmotic pressure (sodium, and chloride ions), membrane potentials (Na & K ions) and acidbase balance (H, hydroxide and bicarbonate) Nutrients Source of energy and building blocks o more complex molecules (glucose, amino acids,
triglycerides)
Involved in aerobic respirations (O2and CO2) Breakdown products o protein metabolism (urea and ammonia salts), erythrocytes (bilirubin), and aerobic respiration (lactic acid)
Regulatory Substances
Catalyze stimulate
chemical or
reactions many
(enzymes) body
and
inhibit
functions
(hormones)
Formed Elements
I. Red Blood Cells II. White blood cells
A. granular Leukocytes
1. 2. 3. Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils T & B lymphocytes & natural Killer cells monocytes
B. Agranular leukocytes
1. 2.
III Platelets
Figure 14.2a
Figure 14.2b
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Hemoglobin package- carries oxygen
Also carries some CO2
Male has ~ 5.4 million cells/l; Female has ~4.8 million membrane, no nucleus, flexible structure use glucose for ATP production to maintain ionic composition
No mitochondria
RBC Cycling
cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen) Fe- recycled in bone marrow
Carried in blood on transferrin
RBC Cycling
cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen) Fe- recycled in bone marrow
Carried in blood on transferrin
Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile), redpigment moleule which contains one iron atom necessary for the normal fucntion of hemoglobin Globin A.A. recycled.; protein pigment bounded to the heme
Figure 14.3
RBC Synthesis
called erythropoiesis From stem cells: hemocytoblasts Released as reticulocytes
Mature to erythrocytes in 1-2 days
Production & destruction is balanced Low O2 delivery (hypoxia) erythropoietin release (EPO) from kidney Stimulates erythropoiesis
Immune response:
T-cells, B-cells& natural killer (NK) cells
Platelets
Myeloid stem cells megakaryocytes 2000 -3000 fragments = platelets Plug damaged blood vessels Promote blood clotting Life span 5-9 days
Function
Red Blood
Granulocytes Neutrophil
Basophil
Agranulocytes Lymphocyte
Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system
Monocyte
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues
Platelet
Hemostasis
Hemostasis = stationary blood 1. Vascular reactions (spasm)
Response to damage Quick reduction of blood loss
Coagulation
Extrinsic pathway common steps
tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1
Control Mechanisms
Fibrinolysis: dissolving of clot by activated plasmin enclosed in clot Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel wall = thrombosis Loose clot = embolus and can block a small vessel = embolism
Blood Types
Surface antigens- react with antibodies Divided into groups based on antigens
> 24 blood groups and > 100 different antigens
ABO Group
Two antigens = A & B If have only A type A If have only B type B If neither then Type O Blood usually has antibodies that can react with antigens
e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody
Thus: type A has anti-B and vice versa
Figure 14.6
PARENTAL COMBINATIONS
Possible Inheritances
AB/AB
B/B
A/B
A/A
O/B
O/A
O/O
O A B AB
no yes yes no
yes no yes no
yes yes no no
yes no yes no
yes yes no no
yes no no no
Rh Blood Group
Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey If have antigen- Rh+ Normally dont have antibodies antibodies develop after the first exposure from transfusion
Transfusions
If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it and hemolyze cells Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood called Universal recipients Type O have neither antigen so can donate to any other ABO type called Universal donors Misleading because of many other blood groups that must be matched