Name of the school

Govt. Senior Secondary

School ,Tal wara -1
(Hoshi arpur )

Prepared by:
Ashok Kumar (Science Master)
Yashpal Singh (Science Master)
Introduction:- Our earth is
inhabited by different kinds of living
organisms such as bacteria, protista,
fungi, plants and animals. The bodies of
living organisms are made up of
microscopic units called cells.
HUMAN CELL
Definition:-The cell
is the basic
structural and
functional unit of
living organisms.
cell is made of
life giving
CHARACERISTICS OF CELL:-
 They contain a set of genes:-All cells
contain genetic material in the form of
either DNA or RNA which contain
genes. Genes are self replicating units
and are located on the chromosomes.
 They contain a limiting plasma
membrane:-Every type of cell is
bounded by plasma membrane which
is a living, ultra thin membrane of
molecules of lipids and proteins.
 They contain a metabolic machinery:-
All cells contain a cytoplasm which is
needed for sustaining life activities
such as feeding, respiration, excretion
etc.
 Cellular organisms are divided into
two main types:

1. Prokaryotic cell
2. Eukaryotic cell
 Prokaryotic Cell

These have primitive and incomplete cells. It

contains single chromosome. In these cells
nucleolus is absent. The size of the cell is
generally small. Cell division takes place by
fission or budding.
Diagram of Prokaryotic cell:-
 Eukaryotic Cell
 These have advanced and complete cells.
These cells contain membrane bound cellular
organelles and are called eukaryotic cells. The
size of cell is generally large. It contains more
than one chromosome. Cell division occurs by
meiotic or mitotic cell division. These cells are
found in unicellular and multi cellular plants
and animals and contain plasma membrane,
nucleus, DNA.
Diagram of eukaryotic
cell:-
 Structure of cell:-

All cells have three major

functional regions:-

• The Plasma Membrane

• The Nucleus
• The Cytoplasm
 Plasma Membrane:-
 Plasma membrane is the outer covering of each cell. It is
present in both plant and animal cells. It separates
contents of a cell from the surrounding medium.
 Functions:-The main function is to regulate the movement
of molecules inside and outside the cell.
 It helps in maintaining distinct composition of the cell.
 Nucleus

 The nucleus, present in eukaryotic cells, is a

discrete structure containing
chromosomes, which hold the genetic
information for the cell. Separated from the
cytoplasm of the cell by a double-layered
membrane called the nuclear envelope, the
nucleus contains a cellular material called
nucleoplasm.
Cytoplasm

 The part of the cell which occurs between the

plasma membrane and nuclear envelope is
called the cytoplasm. It consists of an
aqueous substance, the cytosol.
Cytoplasm contains:-
 Cytosol:- it is the soluble part of cytoplasm. It
forms the ground substance or background
material of the cytoplasm and is located between
the cell organelles.
 Cell organelles:
 1. Endoplasmic reticulum:-Inside the cell
there exits a membranous network enclosing
fluid-filled lumen which almost fills up the
intracellular cavity. It is called endoplasmic
reticulum.
 2. Ribosome:-They are dense, spherical and
granular particles which occur freely in the matrix
or remain attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
 3.Golgi apparatus:-It consists of a set
of membrane-bounded, fluid filled
vesicles, vacuoles and flattened
cisternae.

 4.Lysosomes:-These are simple tiny

spherical saclike structures evenly
distributed in the cytoplasm.
 5.Mitochondria:-The mitochondria are
tiny bodies of varying shapes
distributed in the cytoplasm.
 Acknowledgement
 We are thankful to Mr. Gulshan Rai
(Computer faculty), Mr. Narinder
Singh (Computer Faculty) and Miss
Amita (Computer Teacher ) for their
expert guidance and co-operation.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Computer Teachers
 Text Books