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GEOPET MASTER PROGRAM

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
4/22/2012 1 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Outline
Key Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Reservoirs
Analysis Methods in Reservoir Engineering
4/22/2012 2 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Part I
4/22/2012 3 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Key Concepts in
Reservoir Engineering
Definition of Reservoir
4/22/2012 4 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
In petroleum industry, reservoir fluids is a mixture of
hydrocarbons (oil and/or gas), water and other non-hydrocarbon
compounds (such as H
2
S, CO
2
, N
2
, ...)
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline or profession
of applying necessary knowledge and
utilizing physical resources in order to
design and implement systems and
processes that realize a desired objective
and meet specified criteria.

4/22/2012 5 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession
of applying necessary knowledge and
utilizing physical resources in order to
design and implement systems and
processes that realize a desired objective
and meet specified criteria.

4/22/2012 6 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Necessary Knowledge
Knowledge about oil & gas reservoirs
Reservoir Rock Properties & Behavior
during the Production Process
Reservoir Fluid Properties & Behavior
during the Production Process
Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
4/22/2012 7 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Necessary Knowledge (contd)
Technical & Scientific Knowledge
Quantitative Methods for Reservoir
Characterization
Quantitative Methods for Reservoir
Evaluation
4/22/2012 8 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession
of applying necessary knowledge and
utilizing physical resources in order to
design and implement systems and
processes that realize a desired objective
and meet specified criteria.

4/22/2012 9 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Physical Resources
In-place Reservoir Resources
Reservoirs energy source resulted
from the initial pressure & drive
mechanisms during production
Available flow conduits thanks to
reservoirs characteristic properties
such as porosity and permeability
4/22/2012 10 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession
of applying necessary knowledge and
utilizing physical resources in order to
design and implement systems and
processes that realize a desired objective
and meet specified criteria.

4/22/2012 11 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Design and Implementation
Design and Implement an Oil Field
Development Plan
Plan for producing oil & gas from the reservoirs
in the field: Exploit reservoir energy sources;
Design appropreate well patterns; Select
suitable subsurface & surface facilities ...
during the lifecycle of the oil field
4/22/2012 12 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession
of applying necessary knowledge and
utilizing physical resources in order to
design and implement systems and
processes that realize a desired objective
and meet specified criteria.

4/22/2012 13 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Desired Objective
To Maximize the profit resulted
from the recovered oil & gas
To recover as much as possible oil &
gas from the reservoirs
To recover high-quality oil & gas
4/22/2012 14 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline and profession
of applying necessary knowledge and
utilizing physical resources in order to
design and implement systems and
processes that realize a desired objective
and meet specified criteria.

4/22/2012 15 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Specified Criteria
Money associated with hired
manpower, facilities, technologies, ...
Time
Local regulations
4/22/2012 16 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
4/22/2012 17 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
A lifecycle of an oil field consists of the
following stages:
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Production
Abandonment
4/22/2012 18 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Revenue Throughout LifeCycle
4/22/2012 19 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Part II
4/22/2012 20 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Basic Properties and
Behaviors of
Oil & Gas Reservoirs
Five Basic
Reservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
3
Critical
point
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical
point P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
4/22/2012 21 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Used to visualize the fluids production
path from the reservoir to the surface
Used to classify reservoir fluids
Used to develop different strategies to
produce oil/gas from reservoir
Pressure vs. Temperature Diagrams
4/22/2012 22 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Phase Diagrams
Single
Liquid
Phase
Region
Critical
Point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Initial
Reservoir
State
% Liquid
Temperature, F
Cricondentherm
4/22/2012 23 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Separator
Cricondenbar
Single
Gas
Phase
Region
Two-Phase
Region
Black Oil
Black Oil
Critical
Point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
4/22/2012 24 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Volatile-Oil
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature, F
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
2
1
3
Critical
point
4/22/2012 25 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Retrograde Gas
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
4/22/2012 26 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Wet Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
4/22/2012 27 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Dry Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
4/22/2012 28 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exercise 1
Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two
reservoir fluids
Name some applications of phase diagrams
in selecting surface facilities
4/22/2012 29 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Basic Properties of Natural Gas
4/22/2012 30 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Equation-of-State (EOS)
Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
Density of Gas Mixture
Gas Specific Gravity
Z-factor (Gas Compressibility or Gas Deviation
Factor)
Gas Equation-Of-State (EOS)
4/22/2012 31 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
pV nZRT =
Equation of State:
Quantity Description Unit/Value
p Pressure psia
V Volume ft
3
n Mole Number lb-mol
Z Gas Devation Factor dimensionless
T Temperature Rankine
R Universal Gas
constant
10.73
psia.ft
3
/lb-mole. R
Apparent Molecular Weight of a Gas
Mixture
4/22/2012 32 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Normally, petroleum gas is a mixture of various
light hydrocarbon (C
1
-C
4
). For example:
Component Mole Percent
Molecular
Weight
(lb/lb-mol)
Critical Critical
Pressure Temperature
(psia) (
o
R)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
C1 0.85 16.043 666.4 343.00
C2 0.04 30.070 706.5 549.59
C3 0.06 44.097 616.0 665.73
iC4 0.03 58.123 527.9 734.13
nC4 0.02 58.123 550.6 765.29
1
20.39
N
a i i
i
M y M
=
= =

Density of Gas Mixture


4/22/2012 33 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Gas density is calculated from the definition of
density and the EOS












3
pM
= = (lb/ft )
g
a a
g
g
m
nM p
V nZRT ZRT
=
Gas Specific Gravity
4/22/2012 34 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
gas density to that of the air












M
= =
28.96
g
a a
g
air air
M
M

=
Gas Deviation Factor (Z-factor)
4/22/2012 35 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Z-factor in the EOS accounts for the difference in
the behavior of natural gases in compared with ideal
gases.
;
pr pr
pc pc
p T
p T
p T
= =
Z-factor can be expressed as: Z=Z(p
pr
,T
pr
) where
;
pc i ci pc i ci
i i
p y p T y T = =

p
pr
: pseudo-reduced pressure
T
pr
: pseudo-reduced temperature
p
pc
: pseudo-critical pressure
T
pc
: pseudo-critical temperature

Standing-Katz Chart
4/22/2012 36 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical
pressure and temperature
Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced
pressure and temperature:
Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart
to determine Z
;
pr pr
pc pc
p T
p T
p T
= =
;
pc i ci pc i ci
i i
p y p T y T = =

Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem
Correlation
4/22/2012 37 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
7210 . 0 ; 6134 . 0
1056 . 0 ; 1844 . 0 ; 7361 . 0
5475 . 0 ; 05165 . 0 ; 01569 . 0
5339 . 0 ; 0700 . 1 ; 3265 . 0
11 10
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
= =
= = =
= = =
= = =
A A
A A A
A A A
A A A
2 5 2 2 2
2
1 3 4 5 11 11
3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
2
3 6 7 8
2
4 9 7 8
3
5 10
(1 ) exp( ) 1 0
0.27 / ( )
/ / / /
0.27 /
/ /
( / / )
/
Z r r r r r r
r
r pr pr
pr pr pr pr
pr pr
pr pr
pr pr
pr
R
F R R R R A A
p ZT
R A A T A T A T A T
R p T
R A A T A T
R A A T A T
R A T

= + + + + =
=
= + + + +
=
= + +
= +
=
Exercise
Component yi Mi Tci,R pci
CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071
N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1
C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4
C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5
C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4
i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9
n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6
4/22/2012 38 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Wichert-Aziz Correction Method
R ,
o
c =
pc pc
T T
2 2
, psia
(1 )
pc pc
pc
pc H S H S
p T
p
T y y c
=
+
Corrected pseudo-critical temperature:
Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0.9 1.6
0.5 4.0
120 15 ,
H S CO H S CO H S H S
y y y y y y c = + + +
Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor
4/22/2012 39 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exercise
Component Mole fraction
C1 0.76
C2 0.07
CO2 0.1
H2S 0.07
Given the following real gas composition,
Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000
psia and 110 F using Witchert-Aziz correction
method.
4/22/2012 40 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Sutton Correction Method
2
0.5
o
o
1 2
, R/psia
3 3
, R/psia
i
i
c c
i i
i i
c c
i i
c
i
i
c
T T
J y y
p p
T
K y
p
( (
| | | |
( ( = +
| |
( (
\ . \ .

=

Step1: Calculate the parameters J and K:


| |
3 2
2 2
2
5 . 0
7 7 7
7
7 7
7
7
3751 . 27 8156 . 4 3129 . 0
434 . 64 004 . 14 1325 . 1 6081 . 0
3
2
3
1
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ + =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
C C C
C
c
c
K
C J C J J J J
C
c
c
C
c
c
J
y y y
p
T
y F y F F F
p
T
y
p
T
y F
c
c
Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:
4/22/2012 41 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Sutton Correction Method (cont.)
K
J
K K
J J
c
c
=
=
Step 3: Adust the parameters J and K
J
T
p
J
K
T
pc
pc
pc
=
=
2
Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical
terms
4/22/2012 42 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Pseudo Properties of Gas
Properties of Crude Oil
4/22/2012 44 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil density and gravity
Gas solubility
Bubble-point pressure
Oil formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility coefficient of
undersaturated crude oils
Oil viscosity
These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory
experiments. When such experiments are not available,
empirical correlations are used
Crude Oil Density
4/22/2012 45 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a
unit volume of the crude oil at a specified
pressure and temperature.












3
(lb/ft )
o
o
o
m
V
=
Crude Oil Gravity
4/22/2012 46 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the
ratio of the density of the oil to that of water.



o
API is usually used to reprensent the gravity of
the crude oil as follow





3
; 62.4 (lb/ft )
o
o w
w

= =
141.5
-131.5
o
o
API

=
The API gravity of crude oils
usually ranges from 47 API for
the lighter crude oils to 10 API
for the heavier crude oils.
Black Oil Model
4/22/2012 47 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks
4/22/2012 48 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Porosity
Permeability
In-situ Saturation
pore
bulk matrix
bulk bulk
V
V V
V V
|

= =
Porosity
4/22/2012 49 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, NOT grain
size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the
same porosity
Rhombohedral packing
Pore space = 26 % of total volume
Cubic packing
Pore space = 47 % of total volume
4/22/2012 50 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Rock Matrix and Pore Space
Rock matrix Pore space
4/22/2012 51 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Pore-Space Classification
Total porosity

Effective porosity

Total Pore Space
Bulk Volume
pore
t
bulk
V
V
| = =
Interconnected Pore Space
Bulk Volume
e
| =
4/22/2012 52 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Permeability is a property of the
porous medium and is a measure of
the capacity of the medium to
transmit fluids
Permeability
4/22/2012 53 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
When the medium is completely
saturated with one fluid, then the
permeability measurement is often
referred to as specific or absolute
permeability

Absolute Permeability
4/22/2012 54 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Effective permeability is a measure
of the fluid conductance capacity of
a porous medium to a particular
fluid when the medium is saturated
with more than one fluid
Effective Permeability
4/22/2012 55 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Relative permeability is defined as the
ratio of the effective permeability to a
fluid at a given saturation to the
effective permeability to that fluid at
100% saturation

Relative Permeability
4/22/2012 56 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil


Water


Gas
k
k
k
eo
ro
=
k
k
k
ew
rw
=
k
k
k
eg
rg
=
Calculating Relative Permeabilities
4/22/2012 57 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Darcys Law
v: Velocity
q: Flow rate
A: Cross-section area
k: Permeability
: Viscosity
AL: Length increment
Ap: Pressure drop
q
Direction of flow
A
q k p
v
A L
A
=
A
4/22/2012 58 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of
pore volume occupied by a given fluid



Phase saturations
S
w
= water saturation
S
o
= oil saturation
S
g
= gas saturation
specific fluid
pore
Saturation
V
V
=
4/22/2012 59 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
In-Situ Saturation
Rock matrix Water Oil and/or gas
4/22/2012 60 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exercise 3
1. Pore volume occuppied by water
2. Pore volume occupied by hydrocarbon
4/22/2012 61 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Given the following reservoir data:
Bulk Volume V
b
Porosity |
Water saturation S
w
Calculate:
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Water Drive
Gravity drainage drive
Combination drive
4/22/2012 62 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Reservoir Energy Sources
Liberation, expansion of solution gas
Influx of aquifer water
Expansion of reservoir rock
Expansion of original reservoir fluids
Free gas
Conate water
Oil
Gravitational forces
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Oil
A. Original Condition
B. 50% Depleted
Oil
producing
wells
Oil
producing
wells
4/22/2012 64 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Formation of a Secondary Gas Cap
Wellbore
Secondary
gas cap
4/22/2012 65 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Bubblepoint
pressure
Initial reservoir
pressure
0 5 10
15
Oil recovery, % of OOIP
Reservoir Behavior Characteristics
4/22/2012 66 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil producing well
Oil
zone
Oil
zone
Gas cap

Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs
4/22/2012 67 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil producing well
Water Water
Cross Section
Oil Zone
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Edgewater Drive
4/22/2012 68 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil producing well
Cross Section
Oil Zone
Water
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Bottomwater Drive
4/22/2012 69 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Gravity Drainage Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Oil
Oil
Oil
Point A
Point B
Point C
Gas
Gas
Gas
4/22/2012 70 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Water
Cross Section
Oil zone
Gas cap
4/22/2012 71 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Pressure and Gas/Oil Ratio Trends
0 20 40 60 80 100
100

80

60

40

20

0
Gas-cap drive
Water drive
Solution
-gas drive
R
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,


P
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l

Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place
4/22/2012 72 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exercise 4
1. How can we identify different reservoir drive
mechanisms?
2. Rank in descending order typical reservoir
drive mechanisms in terms of efficiency
3. How does knowledge about reservoir drive
mechanisms help us in designing an oil field
development plan?


4/22/2012 73 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exam 1
1. Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two
reservoir fluids.
2. List some limitations of Standing-Katz chart.
Describe the common approach in extending
the application of the chart

4/22/2012 74 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exam 1
3. Describe in DETAILS the computation
procedure of Dranchuk & Abu-Kassem method
in computing Z.
4. Hall-Yaborough propose a method to calculate
Z as follows


4/22/2012 75 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
2
0.06125
1
exp 1.2 1
pr
pr pr
p
Z
YT T
(
| |
(
=
|
|
(
\ .

Exam 1
where

4/22/2012 76 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
( )
4
2 3 4
2
1 3 2 3
2
1
2 3
2
2 3
3
4
1
1
0.06125 exp 1.2 1 ;
1 1 1
14.76 9.76 4.58
1 1 1
90.7 242.2 42.4 ;
2.18 2.8
X
pr
pr pr
pr pr pr
pr pr pr
Y Y Y Y
X X Y X Y
Y
p
X
T T
X
T T T
X
T T T
X
+ + +
+ + =

(
| |
(
=
|
|
(
\ .

| | | | | |
= +
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= +
1
2
pr
T
| |
|
|
\ .
Exam 1
4/22/2012 77 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Component yi Mi Tci,R pci
CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071
N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1
C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4
C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5
C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4
i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9
n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6
Calculate Z at p=3000 psia and T=180
o
F with the PVT data as follows
Material Balance Equation (MBE)
4/22/2012 78 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
An Overview of MBE
Generalized Material Balance Equation
MBE for Typical Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Applications of MBE

An Overview of MBE
4/22/2012 79 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
First developed by Schilthuis in 1936, MBE is
considered to be a tool for:
estimating initial hydrocarbon in place
predicting future reservoir performance
predicting ultimate reservoir recovery
under certain type of driving mechanisms

Fundamentals of MBE
4/22/2012 80 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
MBE is derived using the following assumptions:
Reservoir
Bulk
Volume
Volume of
Rock Matrix
Pore
Volume
Constant
The pore volume is fully occuppied by existing fluid components (oil, gas, water)
The reservoir is homogenuous and isotropic (zero-dimensional)
General MBE (GMBE)
4/22/2012 81 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
GMBE is an MBE that can be applied to
all reservoir types;
MBE for a particular type of reservoir
can be derived from the GMBE by
removing nonexistent terms.


Tank Model
4/22/2012 82 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
INITIAL OIL
INITIAL GAS-CAP GAS
REMAINING OIL
CURRENT GAS-CAP GAS
RELEASED GAS
INJECTED GAS
NET WATER INFLUX
EXPANDING CONATE
WATER
EXPANDING ROCK
MATRIX
INJECTED WATER
Initial Condition Current Condition
ROCK (MATRIX)
CONATE WATER
Derivation of GMBE
4/22/2012 83 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Volume of
Initial Oil
Volume of
Initial Gas Cap
Volume of Remaining Oil
Volume of Expanding Rock Matrix
Volume of Remaining Free Gas
Volume of
Injected
Water
Volume of
Rock Matrix
Volume of
Conate Water
Volume of
Expanding
Conate Water
Volume of
Injected
Water
Volume of
Injected Gas
Acronyms in GMBE
4/22/2012 84 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
GMBE: Final Formulation
4/22/2012 85 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
( ) ( ) (1 )
1
( )
w wi f
ti
t ti g gi ti e inj w inj g
gi wi
p t p si g p w
c S c
NmB
N B B B B m NB p W W B G B
B S
N B R R B W B
+
+ + + A + + +

( = + +

( )
t o si s g
B B R R B = +
ti oi
B B =
Where:
Exercise 5
1. Derive the equation for the pore volume of the
reservoir
2. Derive the equations for water and rock matrix
expansions
3. Derive the equation for the initial gas in the
reservoir
4. Derive the equation for the remaining free gas
in the reservoir


4/22/2012 86 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
4/22/2012 87 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Properties of Reservoir Fluids in Motion
Flow Regimes
Flow Geometry
Fluid Flow Equations


Properties of Reservoir Fluids
4/22/2012 88 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Classification Criteria: Isothermal Compressibility
or
Slightly Compressible
Fluids
Reservoir Fluids
Incompressible Fluids
Compressible Fluids
P
v
v
c
c
c
= .
1
P
c
c
c
=

.
1
Incompressible Fluids
4/22/2012 89 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Volume and density do not change with pressure
0; 0 0
l
V
c
p p
c c
= = =
c c
Slightly Compressible Fluids
4/22/2012 90 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Small changes in volume or density with
changes in pressure
c
1
V
V
p
c
p
ref
p
p
V
ref
V
V
V
V V
ref
c p
ref
p
x
1 x
x
2
2
x
3
3
...
x
n
n
For small x,
x
1 x
V V
ref
1 c p
ref
p
ref
1 c p
ref
p
Slightly Compressible Fluids
4/22/2012 91 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
1
1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( )
l
o
l
l
o
l l sc T sc
B
B
c p p c p p c T T
= =
+ +
| |
1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( )
o o
l l l lsc l sc Tl sc
c p p c p p c T T
(
= + = +

Compressible Fluids
4/22/2012 92 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
A compressible fluid has compressibility ranging
from 1.E-3 to 1.E-4
1 1
g
z
c
p z p
c
=
c
g
pM
zRT
=
gsc
sc
g
c g c sc
p z
B T
T p

o o
= =
Volume-Pressure Relationship
4/22/2012 93 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Incompressible
Slightly
Compressible
Compressible
V
p
0
V V
ref
1 c p
ref
p
c
1
V
V
p
V
p
Density-Pressure Relationship
4/22/2012 94 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Incompressible
Slightly
Compressible
Compressible
p
p
0
ref
1 c p
ref
p
c
1
p
Flow Regimes
4/22/2012 95 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Classification Criteria: Changes in pressure with time
Pseudosteady-State
Flow
Flow Regimes
Steady-State
Flow
Unsteady-State
Flow
Steady-State Flows
4/22/2012 96 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Pressure does not change with time
p
t
0
Unsteady-State Flows
4/22/2012 97 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Pressure derivative with respect to time is a
function of both space and time
p
t
f x, t
Pseudo-Steady Flows
4/22/2012 98 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Pressure declines with a constant rate
p
t
constant
4/22/2012 99 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Steady-State
Pseudosteady-
State
Unsteady-State p
t
p
t
0
p
t
constant
p
t
f x, t
Flow Geometry
4/22/2012 100 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The shape and boundaries of a reservoir has a
significant effect on its flow geometry.
Linear Flow
Flow
Geometry
Radial Flow
Hemispherical Flow Spherical Flow
Radial Flow
4/22/2012 101 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Fluids move toward the well from all directions
Linear Flow
4/22/2012 102 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Flow paths are parallel and the fluid flows in a
single direction
Spherical Flow
4/22/2012 103 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
A well with a limited perforated interval could
result in spherical flow in the vicinity of the
perforations
Hemispherical Flow
4/22/2012 104 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
A well which only partially penetrates the pay
zone coud result in hemispherical flow
Wellbore
Flow lines
Side view
Fluid Flow Equations
4/22/2012 105 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Describing the flow behavior in a reservoir
Depending on the combination of variables
recently presented (types of fluids, flow regimes, )
Developed by combining Darcys transport
equation with the conservation of mass and various
equations of state
Darcy Law
4/22/2012 106 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Velocity of a homogeneous fluid in a porous medium
is proportional to the pressure gradient, and
inversely proportinoal to the fluid viscosity.
For a radial flow system, Darcys transport equation
is given by
v
q
A
r
k p
r
Darcy Equation for Radial Flow in
Field Units
4/22/2012 107 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
v
q
A
r
0.001127
k p
r
v: apparent fluid velocity bbl day ft
2
q: flow rate ate radius r bbl day
k: permeability md
: viscosity cp
A: cross sectional area at radius r ft
2
0.001127: conversion factor to field units
Steady-State Radial Flow of
Slightly Compressible Fluids
4/22/2012 108 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
q
A
r
q
ref
1 c p
ref
p
2 r h
0.001127
k p
r
q
ref
2 kh
r
w
r
e r
r
0.001127
p
ref
p
p
1 c p
ref
p
q
ref
0.00708 kh
c ln r
e
r
w
ln
1 c p
e
p
ref
1 c p
wf
p
ref
Q
0
0.00708 kh
o
B
o
c
o
ln r
e
r
w
ln 1 c
o
p
e
p
wf
Steady-State Radial Flow for
Compressible Fluids
4/22/2012 109 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
q
gr
0.001127 2 r h k
g
dp
dr
Q
g
q
gr
B
g
; B
g
p
sc
5.615 T
sc
ZT
p
bbl scf
TQ
g
kh
dr
r
0.703
2 p
g
Z
dp
r
w
r TQ
g
kh
r
r
0.703
p
wf
p
2 p
g
Z
P
m p
0
p
2 p
g
Z
P
m(p): real-gas pseudopressure
TQ
g
kh
ln
r
r
w
0.703
w
Q
g
0.703 kh
w
T ln r r
w
Exercise 6
4/22/2012 110 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The PVT data from a gas well in the Anaconda Gas
Field is given below:
p (psi) mu (cp) Z
0.0 0.01270 1.000
400.0 0.01286 0.937
800.0 0.01390 0.882
1200.0 0.01530 0.832
1600.0 0.01680 0.794
2000.0 0.01840 0.770
2400.0 0.02010 0.763
2800.0 0.02170 0.775
3200.0 0.02340 0.797
3600.0 0.02500 0.827
4000.0 0.02660 0.860
4400.0 0.02831 0.896
The well is producing at a stabilized
bottom-hole flowing pressure of 3600
psi. The wellbore radius is 0.3 ft. The
following additional data is available:
k=65 md, h=15 ft, T=600 R,
pe = 4400 psi, re=1000 ft,
Calculate the gas flow rate in Mscf/day
Numerical Integration
4/22/2012 111 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Trapezoidal Method
Unsteady Flow of ANY Fluid
4/22/2012 112 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
0.006328
r r
k
r
p
r
c
t
p
t t
Pressure is of primary interest
The above equation is derived with the conservation of
mass taken into account
The rate of changes in pressure away from the wellbore
can be determined by permeability, porosity, fluid
viscosity, rock and fluid compressibility
Constant-Termial-Rate Solution
4/22/2012 113 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
kt
r c
Ei
kh
qB
p p
t
i
2
948
6 . 70
|
Exponential Integral
4/22/2012 114 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
du
u
e
x Ei
x
u
}


= ) (
Approximation of Ei Function
4/22/2012 115 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
4
8
2
7
6
5
3
4
2
3
2
1
8
3
7
2
6 5
3
4
2
3 2 1
10 6709776 . 8
10 0832566 . 1
12333524 . 0
662318450 . 0
10 9849819 . 5
10 22123384 . 5
81512322 . 0
33153973 . 0
)] [ln( )] [ln( ) ln( ) (
0 . 3 01 . 0
) 781 . 1 ln( ) (
01 . 0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ + + + + + + =
< <
=
s
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
x
a
x a x a x a x a x a x a a x Ei
x
x x Ei
x
Exercise 7
4/22/2012 116 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
An oil well is producing at a constant flow rate of 300 STB/day under unsteady-
state flow conditions. The reservoir has the following rock and fluid properties
Bo=1.25 bbl/STB, =1.5cp, c
t
=12 x 10-6 psi-1
k
o
=60 md, h=15 ft, p
i
=4000 psi,
| = 15%, rw=0.25 ft,

1. Calculate the pressure at radii of 0.25, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 1500,
2000, and 2500 ft, for 1 hour. Plot the results as:
pressure versus the logarithm of radius
pressure versus radius
2. Repeat question 1 for t=12 hours and 24 hours. Plot the results as
pressure versus logarithm of radius
Part III
4/22/2012 117 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Data Analysis Methods In
Reservoir Engineering
Overview of Data Analysis in
Reservoir Engineering
4/22/2012 118 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
PVT Analysis
4/22/2012 119 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The objective of PVT Analysis is to
estimate essential properties and
predict behaviors of reservoir fluids
during production
PVT Analysis Tools
4/22/2012 120 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Wax & Asphaltene
Deposition
PVT ANALYSIS
SAMPLING SPECIAL STUDY GAS CONDENSATE BLACK OIL
Effect of Injection
Gas on Fluid
Properties
Quality check
Effect of Injection
Chemical on Fluid
Properties
Compositional
analysis
Constant
Composition
Expansion
Viscosity Test
Quality check
Separator Test
Differential
Vaporisation Test
Subsurface
Open hole
Case hole
Surface
Separator
Wellhead
Compositional
analysis
Constant
composition
expansion
Quality check
Constant Volume
Depletion
Basic PVT Data for Black Oil
4/22/2012 121 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil Formation Volume Factor
4/22/2012 122 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
4/22/2012 123 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil Viscosity
4/22/2012 124 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
PVT Analysis Results
4/22/2012 125 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Oil Formation Volume Factor at 200 F
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
1.600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig
O
i
l

F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

F
a
c
t
o
r

b
b
l
/
s
t
b
Above bubble point pressure,
Bo increases as pressure
decreases. Why?
Below bubble point pressure,
Bo decreases as pressure
decreases. Why?
The oil also expands as
pressure decreases, but
why still Bo decreases as
pressure decreases?
4/22/2012 126 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Oil Density at 200 F
0.700
0.710
0.720
0.730
0.740
0.750
0.760
0.770
0.780
0.790
0.800
0.810
0.820
0.830
0.840
0.850
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig
O
i
l

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
g
/
c
c
Oil Density
Above Pb, the oil density
decreases. Why?
Below Pb, the oil density
increase. Why?
The reduction of mass is
minimal compare to oil
volume decrease
4/22/2012 127 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Solution Gas Oil Ratio at 200 F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

G
a
s

O
i
l

R
a
t
i
o
n

s
c
f
l
/
s
t
b
Above bubble point pressure,
Rs is constant. Why?
Below bubble point pressure,
Rs decreases as pressure
decreases. Why?
It will continue to vapourise
until no gas come out from
the oil at the atmospheric
pressure.
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
4/22/2012 128 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exercise 5
1. Explain why above the bubble point pressure (Pb), Bo
increases as pressure decreases whereas below Pb, Bo
decreases as pressure decreases.
2. Explain why above Pb, the oil density decreases as
pressure decreases whereas below Pb, it increases as
pressure decreases.
3. Explain why above Pb, Rs is constant whereas below Pb, it
decreases as pressure decreases.

Well Test Analysis
4/22/2012 130 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
The objective of well test analysis is to
interprete data obtained from well tests
for the ultimate purpose of identifying
reservoir characteristics such as
dynamic pressure behavior in
reservoirs, permeability, reservoir
boundaries, wellbore storage, etc ...
Wellbore Storage
4/22/2012 131 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Skin Factor - Formation damage
4/22/2012 132 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Skin Factor
500
1000
1500
2000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
s = +5
s = -2
s = 0
Types of Well Tests
4/22/2012 134 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Drawdown Tests
Buildup Tests
Isochronal Tests
Modified Isochronal Tests
Inteference Tests
Types of Well Tests
4/22/2012 135 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Types of Test
4/22/2012 136 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Types of Test
4/22/2012 137 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Type of Test
4/22/2012 138 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Interference Test
4/22/2012 139 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Diffusivity Equation
4/22/2012 140 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Dimensionless Variable
4/22/2012 141 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Well Test Analysis Techniques
MHD Analysis
Horner Analysis
Pressure Derivative Based Techniques
Type Curves Analysis
Numerical Simulation


4/22/2012 142 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
kt
r c
Ei
kh
qB
p p
t
i
2
948
6 . 70
|
Log Approximation to the
Ei-Function
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= s
r c
kt
kh
qB
p p
w t
i wf
87 . 0 23 . 3 log 6 . 162
2
|

b mx y + =
Finite Acting Radial Flow
MDH analysis
4/22/2012 145 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Finite Acting Radial Flow
Horner analysis
4/22/2012 146 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Type Curve Analysis: Data Set
4/22/2012 147 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Type Curve Analysis: Unmatched
Overlay
4/22/2012 148 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Type Curve Analysis: Matched in
Pressure
4/22/2012 149 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Type Curve Analysis: Matched in
Both Pressure & Time
4/22/2012 150 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Type Curve Analysis: Extraction of
Type Parameters
4/22/2012 151 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Exercise 6
1. Use three verbs to describe primary activities
in well tests.
2. Explain why we care about the wellbore
storage and skin factor.
3. Explain why well test analysis techniques
based on pressure-derivative give more
reliable information than classic methods.
4/22/2012 152 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Ei-Function Solution
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
kt
r c
Ei
kh
qB
p p
t
i
2
948
6 . 70
|
Reservoir Pressure Profile
500
1000
1500
2000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
s = +5
s = -2
s = 0
Log Approximation to the
Ei-Function
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= s
r c
kt
kh
qB
p p
w t
i wf
87 . 0 23 . 3 log 6 . 162
2
|

b mx y + =
Estimating Permeability and Skin
mh
qB 6 . 162
k

=
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|

= 23 . 3
r c
k
log
m
p p
151 . 1 s
2
w t
10
hr 1 i
Problems with Drawdown Tests
It is difficult to produce a well at a strictly
constant rate
Even small variations in rate distort the
pressure response
There is one rate that is easy to maintain A
flow rate of zero.
A buildup test is conducted by shutting in a
producing well and measuring the resulting
pressure response.
Buildup Test - Pressure Response
At t
p

At
0
t
p
+ At
0
Buildup Test - Superposition
( )
( )
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
+ A

+
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
+ A +

=
s 869 . 0 23 . 3
r c
k
log t log
kh
qB
6 . 162
s 869 . 0 23 . 3
r c
k
log t t log
kh
qB
6 . 162 p p
2
w t
10 10
2
w t
10 p 10 i ws
Pressure Response for a
Buildup Test
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A +

=
t
t t
log
kh
qB
6 . 162 p p
p
10 i ws
y = mx + b
Buildup Test - Straight Line
Analogy
h m
qB 6 . 162
k

=
1
t
t t
@ b p
p
i
=
A
A +
=
Buildup Test Graph
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Horner time ratio
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
p
i

Estimating Skin Factor From A
Buildup Test
(
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|

= 23 . 3
r c
k
log
m
p p
151 . 1 s
2
w t
10
wf hr 1
NON-TECHNICAL TRAINING
COURSE FOR PEARL OIL
The End
4/22/2012 164 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

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