محاضرات هندسة الاساسات د. طارق نجيب P1

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
ISOLATED FOOTINGS
27 April 2012
Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb
Foundations
Foundations are usually divided into:
:
1) Shallow Foundations are used when the top layers of
soil can support the applied loads with accepted
settlement. They can take any form of the followings:
:) 1

:
- Spread (isolated) Footing,
- Combined Footing,
- Strap Beam Footing
- Wall Footing,
- Strip Footing,
- Raft Foundation.
27 April 2012
Foundations
2) Deep Foundations are used if the top soil is
weak and can not support the structure loads.
They used to transmit the loads to the stronger
deeper soil layers. Forms of deep foundations are
piles, pillars, caissons, and Alexandria Wells
.etc.
:) 2
.

: .
.
27 April 2012
Foundation Safety
Foundations should be safe against:
1- Shear failure in soil.
2- Excessive total or differential settlements.
3- Depression settlement due to excessive
dewatering.
4- Uplift during construction due to high
G.W.T.
5- Sliding or overturning due to large
horizontal loads.
27 April 2012

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4
(
).
-5 .
5
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-
+

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10
Types of Shallow
Foundations

Wall Footing

Wall
Reinforced Concrete
Plain Concrete
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11
Isolated
Footing
Reinforced Concrete
Plain Concrete
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12
Types of Shallow Foundations

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13
Combined Footing
Pb

Pa
Reinforced Concrete
Plain Concrete
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14
Pd
Strip Footing

Pc
Pb
Pa
R.C.
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P. C.
15
Pa
Strap Beam
Pb

Strap Beam
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Strap Beam
16
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17
- Raft Foundation
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18
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19
Pile Foundations
Large Distributed
Weight
Very Large Concentrated

Weight
Low
Weight
Soft to
Firm Clay
Dense Sand
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Strong Rock
20
Selection of Type of Foundations

Approximate Loads of Structures:
Residential and Housing, 1.0 up to 1.2 t/m2 per floor
Commercial and Office, 1.2 up to 1.5 t/m2 per floor
Schools and Hospitals, 1.5 to 2.0 t/m2 per floor
These loads are multiplied by the number of floors,
then divided by the foundation area to determine the
soil stresses, then the type of foundation.
Three options will be available:
1- Stress on soil < qall soil, R.C foundation area 2/3
foundation area Isolated footings.
2- Stress on soil < qall soil, R.C foundation area > 2/3
foundation area Raft foundation.
3- Stress on soil > qall soil Pile foundation.
27 April 2012
21

:
= 1.0 1.2/ 2
= 1.2 1.5/ 2
= 1.5 2.0/ 2

. :
-1 <
3/2 .
-2 <
> 3/2 .
-3 > .
22
27 April 2012
DESIGN OF ISOLATED
FOOTINGS

27 April 2012
23
Working Stress Design Procedure of

Isolated
Footing
Data:
Pc
: Column load at ground surface,

a, b : Dimensions of column,
) (
B/C of soil: qall or qall net at foundation level.

27 April 2012
24
Footing Design Procedure

-Load P at the foundation level is 1.10 x Pc
(Pc) 1.1 = (P) 0.10 Design of Plain Concrete Footing

- Area of plain concrete,
Ap.c. = P / qall = Lp.c. x Bp.c.
:
Lp.c.
Ap.c.
Bp.c.
27 April 2012
25
Footing Design Procedure

Lp .c .
B p .c .
a-b
Ap.c.
2
a-b
Ap.c. 2
a
b
Bp.c. Lp.c.
5
Plain Concrete Thickness

- t p.c. = 30 cm
if P < 40 ton
- t p.c. = 40 cm
if P > 40 ton
- Projection distance, x1 = 0.80 1.00 tp.c.

1 0.8 = x1
27 April 2012
26
LP.C.
Plain Concrete
Thickness
LR.C.
1.0 m
BR.C.
-Upward Force on P.C.:
F = 1.0* x * qall soil

- Moment = F * x/2
M P.C.
t
4.0 kg/cm 2
Z P.C.
M P .C . qall soil *
27 April 2012
2.0
2
t P .C .
1.0 *
Z P .C .
6.0
t 4.0 qall soil
t P.C.
x2
2
6
2
t P.C.
3
qall soil
4
27
- x is the plain concrete projection

- t is the plain concrete thickness,
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28
- Reinforced Concrete Dimensions:

:
LR.C. = Lp.c. 2 x

BR.C. = Bp.c. 2 x

- Reinforced Concrete Footing Area:
:
AR.C. = LR.C. * BR.C.
- Contact Pressure (fn):
:
P
fn
27 April 2012
AR.C.
29
Lp.c.
LR.c.
P
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30
Isolated Footing
Column
R.C. Footing
P.C. Footing
LP.C.
LR.C.
BP.C.
27 April 2012
BR.C.
31
Design for Moment
Pc
fn
AR .C .
x1
LR .C . - a
x
MI-I = fn x1 BR.C. 1
2
M II
d k1
BR .C .
M II
As
k2 d
27 April 2012
LR.C.
fn
BR.C.
x1
32
Design for Shear

P
fn
AR .C .
LR.C . - a - d
x2
2
d/2
LR.C.
Qsh = fn x2 BR.C.
Check of Shear:
Qsh
2
qsh
6 kg/cm
BR.C. d
27 April 2012
fn
a d/2
BR.C.
x2
33
Check of Punching
P
fn
A
Punching Section Area:
bp = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
d/2
27 April 2012
fn
fn
Qp = fn [LR.C. BR.C. (a+d) * (b+d)]

Check of Punching:
Qp
2
qp
8 kg/cm
bp d
d/2
BR.C.
LR.C.
d/2
d/2
34
Check of Bond
Qb
qb
0.87 * d * O
Qb = fn x1 BR.C.
So
Allowable Bond Stress:
qb 11.0 kg/cm2 for plain bars
Deformed Bars:
qb 25 kg/cm2 for fc 250 kg/cm2
According to British Standards
27 April 2012
LR.C.
fn
BR.C.
x1
35
Example
Design an isolated footing to support a
column load of 122 ton, knowing that the
soil allowable bearing capacity, qall = 1.25
kg/cm2, (12.50 t/m2 = 125 kN/m2) and the
column dimensions are 80 * 25 cm.
27 April 2012
36
Solution
- P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 122.0 x 1.10 = 134.2 ton
(Pc) 1.1 = (P) Design of Plain Concrete Footing

Ap.c. = P / qall = 134.2 / 12.5 = 10.74 m2
Lp .c . Ap.c.
a-b
0.8 - 0.25
10.74
3.55 3.60 m
2
2
B p .c . Ap.c.
27 April 2012
a-b
0.8 - 0.25
10.74 3.00 m
2
2
37

P > 40 ton, then t p.c. = 40 cm
-Projection distance, x = 0.80 1.00 tp.c.
- x = tp.c. = 0.40 m = 40 cm
LR.C. = Lp.c. 2 x = 3.60 2 * 0.40 = 2.80 m
BR.C. = Bp.c. 2 x = 3.00 2 * 0.40 = 2.20 m
AR.C. = 2.80 * 2.40 = 6.16 m2
27 April 2012
38
- Contact Pressure (fn):

Pc
122.0
fn
19.81 t/m 2
AR.C. 6.16
Critical Section for Moment (Section I-I)
x1
LR.C . - a 2.80 - 0.80
1.00 m
2
M I I f n x1 BR.C.
x1
1.0
19.81 * 1.0 * 2.20 *
2
2
MI-I = 21.79 t.m

d k1
27 April 2012
M II
21.79 * 10 5
0.361
35.93 cm
BR .C .
220
39
I
Take d = 55 cm, and t = 60 cm
5
M I I 21.79 * 10
2
As
31.12 cm
k2 d
1273 * 55
As = 16 f16 = 8 f16 /m'
LR.C.
b
27 April 2012
BR.C.
x1
40
Critical Section for Moment (Section II-II)
M II II f n y1 LR.C.
MII-II = 26.64 t.m
y1
0.98
19.81 * 0.98 * 2.80 *
2
2
LR.C.
y1
y1
BR.C . - b 2.20 - 0.25
0.98 m
II
II
b
27 April 2012
BR.C.
41
d k1
M II II
26.64 * 10
0.361
35.21 cm
LR .C .
280
Take d = 55 cm, and t = 60 cm

5
M II II 26.64 * 10
2
As
38.05 cm
k2 d
1273 * 55
As = 19 f16 = 7 f16 /m'
27 April 2012
42
Isolated Footing
Reinforcement
7 f16 /m'
8 f16 /m'
b
27 April 2012
43
Check of Shear
LR .C . - a - d 2.80 - 0.80 - 0.55
x2
0.73 m
2
2
Qsh = fn * x2 * BR.C. = 19.81 * 0.73 * 2.20
= 31.81 t
Qsh
31.81 * 1000
2
qsh
2.62 kg/cm
BR . C . d
220 * 55
qsh = 2.62 kg/cm2 < 6.0 kg/cm2

27 April 2012
O.K.
44
Check of Punching
Punching Perimeter :
bp = 2[(a + d)+ (b + d)]
= 2[(0.80+0.55)+(0.25+0.55)]= 4.30 m
Qp = fn [LR.C. * BR.C. (a+d)* (b+d)]

= 19.81 [2.8 * 2.2 1.08] = 100.63 ton
Qp
100.63 * 1000
qp
4.25 kg/cm 2 8 kg/cm 2

bp d
430 * 55
27 April 2012
45
Check of Bond
Qb = 19.81 * 1.0 * 2.20 = 43.58 ton
So = 16 * 5.03 = 80.48 cm
Qb
43.58 * 1000
qb
11.83 kg/cm 2
0.87 d o 0.87 * 55 * 80.48
11.83 kg/cm2 < 25.0 kg/cm2 (for deformed bars)

O.K.
27 April 2012
46
FOUNDATION DESIGN USING

ULTIMATE STRENGTH

27 April 2012
47
Design procedure
- P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc

Ap.c. = P / qall
a-b
a -b
B p .c . Ap.c. Lp .c . Ap.c.
2
2
Assume t p.c., then get the projection distance x

27 April 2012
48

LR.C. = Lp.c. 2 x
BR.C. = Bp.c. 2 x
AR.C. = LR.C. * BR.C.
R.C. Footing Design
Pcu = 1.4 * PD.L. + 1.6 * PL.L.

OR: Pcu = 1.5 * (PD.L. + PL.L.) = 1.5 * Pt
if the total column load is given
- Ultimate Contact Pressure:
27 April 2012
f un
Pcu
AR.C.
49
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment

Long Direction
1.4 PD.L. 1.60 PL.L.
f un
AR.C.
LR.C . - a
M u / m' f un
x1
LR .C . - a
LR.C.
x1
M u / m' f un * x1 *
2
27 April 2012
* 1.0
fun
1.0
I
x
50
Flexural Design
LR.C . - a
M u / m' f un
Mu
R
2
f cu * bs * d
to be obtained
f cu
As *
* bs * d
fy
As min
27 April 2012
0.60
bs d,
fy
* 1.0
from Chart with

R Value
2
Units in N/mm , mm
51
R Chart
27 April 2012
52
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment Short Direction
1.4 PD.L. 1.60 PL.L.

f un
AR.C.
BR .C . - b
0.60
bs d
fy
BR.C.
As min
y1
y1
BR . C . - b
1.0
M u / m' f un
* 1.0
b
a
2
LR.C.
Units
in
N/mm
,
mm
27 April 2012
53
Check of Shear
P
LR .C . - a - d
x2
d/2
2
Qsh = fun * x2 * BR.C.

Check of Shear:
Qsh
qu
qcu
BR.C. * d
LR.C.
Allowable Shear
qcu 0.16
a d/2
BR.C
f cu in N/mm 2
27 April 2012
f cu
fun
c = 1.50
x2
54
Check of Punching

bpunch = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
d/2
d/2
d/2
ap = (a+d)
bp = (b+d)
Qp = fun [LR.C. BR.C. ap * bp ]
LR.C.
ap
Check of Punching:
qup
Qup
b punch * d
27 April 2012
qcup
fun
fun
BR.C.
d/2
bp
d/2
55
Check of Punching
qcup 0.316
qcup
qcup
f cu
1.6 N/mm
bc f cu
0.316 0.50
ac c
f cu
0.80 0.20

b
punch
c
bc
ac
qcup is taken the minimum value of the

above three equations, = 2, 3, 4 for
corner, exterior, and interior columns
27 April 2012
56
Example
Design an isolated footing to support a column
load of 122.0 ton (unfactored 78.0 ton dead,
and 44.0 ton live loads), the soil allowable
bearing capacity, qall = 1.25 kg/m2, (12.50 t/m2
= 125.0 kN/m2) and the column dimensions are
80 * 25 cm. Design using the ultimate strength
method, knowing that:
fcu = 30 N/mm2 = 300 kg/cm2 (for R.C.).
fcu = 20 N/mm2 = 200 kg/cm2 (for P.C.).
fy = 360 N/mm2 (for steel reinforcement).
27 April 2012
57
Solution
- P at F.L. = 1.10 x Pc = 122 x 1.10 = 134.20 ton

Ap.c. = P / qall = 134.20 / 12.5 = 10.74 m2
Lp .c .
B p .c .
27 April 2012
a-b
0.8 - 0.25
Ap.c.
10.74
3.55 m
2
2
a-b
0.8 - 0.25
Ap.c. 10.74 3.00 m
2
2
58

Assume t p.c. = 35 cm
-Projection distance, x = 0.80 1.00 tp.c.
- x = tp.c. = 0.35 m = 35 cm
LR.C. = Lp.c. 2 x = 3.55 2 * 0.35 = 2.85 m
BR.C. = Bp.c. 2 x = 3.00 2 * 0.35 = 2.30 m
AR.C. = 2.85 * 2.30 = 6.56 m2
27 April 2012
59
R.C. Footing Design

Pcu = 1.4 * PD.L. + 1.6 * PL.L.
OR: Pcu = 1.5 * (PD.L. + PL.L.) = 1.5 * Pt if the
total column load is given
Pcu = 1.4 * 78.0 + 1.6 * 44.0 = 179.6 ton
- Ultimate Contract Pressure:
Pcu
179.60
f un
27.38 t/m 2 27.40 t/m 2

AR.C.
6.56
27 April 2012
60
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment
Long Direction
LR .C . - a
x1
2
x1
2.85 - 0.80
1.03 m
2
2
1
LR.C.
x * 1.0
M u / m' f un *
2
2
1.03 * 1.0
M u / m' 27.40 *
2
14.53 m.t/m'
27 April 2012
fun
1.0
I
x
61
Flexural Design
Mu
R
From
Chart,
for
R
2
f cu * bs * d
= 0.016, = 0.02
5
14.53 * 10
R
0.016
2
300 * 100 * 55
2
A
=
9.17
cm
f cu
s
As *
fy
* bs * d
As = 5f16 /m'
30
2
As 0.02 *
* 1000 * 550 917 mm
360
0.6
0.6
2
As min
bs d
* 1000 * 550 917 mm
fy
360
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62
Flexural Design
Critical Section for Moment in Short Direction
2
y * 1.0
2
27 April 2012
BR.C.
To be taken the
same as the
long direction
1.03 * 1.0
M u / m' 27.40 *
2
14.53 m.t/m'
y1
M u / m' f un
2
1
1.0
y1
2.30 - 0.25
1.03
b
a
LR.C.
63
Check of Shear
x2
x2
LR .C . - a - d
d/2
2.85 - 0.80 - 0.55
0.75 m
Qsh = 27.4* 0.75 * 2.30

= 47.27 ton
LR.C.
fun
Check of Shear:
Qsh
qu
qcu
BR.C. * d
47.27 * 1000
qu
3.74 kg/cm 2
230 * 55
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a d/2
BR.C
x2
64
Check of Shear
Allowable Shear
qcu 0.16
qcu 0.16
f cu
c = 1.50
30
2
0.72 N/mm
1.50
7.20 kg/cm
qu (3.74 kg/cm2)
< qcu (7.20 kg/cm2) O.K.
27 April 2012
65
Check of Punching
ap = (a+d) = 0.80 + 0.55 = 1.35 m

bp = (b+d) = 0.25 + 0.55 = 0.80 m
d/2
d/2
d/2

bpunch = 2 [(a+d) + (b+d)]
bpunch = 2 [(1.35) + (0.80)]
= 4.30 m
Qp=fun [LR.C. BR.C. ap*bp ]
Qp= 27.4*[ 2.85*2.30
1.35*0.8 ] = 150.02 t
27 April 2012
fun
fun
LR.C.
ap
BR.C.
d/2
bp
d/2
66
Check of Punching
qcup 0.316
qcup
qcup
f cu
0.316
30
1.41 1.6 N/mm 2
1.5
ap
0.316 0.50
b
p
0.25
0.316 0.50
0.80
qcup
f cu
30
1.15 N/mm 2
1.5
0.80 0.20
b
p
f cu
4 * 0.55 30.0
2
qcup 0.80 0.20
2.55
N/mm
4.30 1.50
27 April 2012
67
Check of Punching
Qup
150.02 * 1000
2
qup
6.34 kg/cm
b punch * d
430 * 55
qup (6.34 kg/cm2) < qcup 14.10 kg/cm2 ) O.K.
1.0 kg/cm2 = 10.0 t/m2 = 100 kN/m2
1.0 kg/cm2 = 0.10 N/mm2 = 0.10 MN/m2
27 April 2012
68
Check of Development Length

Ld = 60f for deformed high grade bars
Ld = 60*1.6 = 96 cm
x1 = y1 = 103 cm > Ld O.K.

5 f16 /m'
5 f16 /m'

27 April 2012
69
Shallow Foundations, Part 1

Prepared by:
Tarek Nageeb Salem
Professor of Soil Mechanics and
Foundations, Zagazig University
27 April 2012
Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb
70

محاضرات هندسة الاساسات د. طارق نجيب P1

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SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Types of Shallow Foundations

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Very Large Concentrated

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Selection of Type of Foundations

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Working Stress Design Procedure of

: Column load at ground surface,

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Footing Design Procedure

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Footing Design Procedure

Plain Concrete Thickness

- Projection distance, x1 = 0.80 1.00 tp.c.

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

-Upward Force on P.C.:

F = 1.0* x * qall soil

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Plain Concrete Thickness

- x is the plain concrete projection

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

- Reinforced Concrete Dimensions:

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Design for Moment

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Design for Shear

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Qp = fn [LR.C. BR.C. (a+d) * (b+d)]

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Plain Concrete Thickness

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

- Contact Pressure (fn):

LR.C . - a 2.80 - 0.80

MI-I = 21.79 t.m

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Critical Section for Moment (Section II-II)

MII-II = 26.64 t.m

BR.C . - b 2.20 - 0.25

Shallow Foundations, P1, Tarek Nageeb

Take d = 55 cm, and t = 60 cm