Welcome To

The User Awareness Training Of

Information Security

B. BHARAT KUMAR
(MCSE, MCTP, CCNA, CCSA)
TOPICS :
WHAT IS NETWORK?
DIFFERENT BETWEEN
NETWORK & NETWORKING
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING
TYPES OF NETWORKS
NETWORK MODELS
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
COMMUNICATION MEDIA
NETWORKING DEVICES
OSI MODEL
PROTOCOLS
wA1 l3 NL1w0RK?
A Network is collection of computers connected
together.
(or)
A Network consists of two or more computers that
are linked in order to share resources such as
printers, CD-ROMs, files & folders.
NL1w0RK vs NL1w0RKlN0
Network:-
s a collection of computers connected together.
Networking:-
s a process of communication between the
interconnected computers.
Sstems connected together
Process of communication bw
the interconnected sstems.
LNLll13 0l NL1w0RKlN0
P Speed: Sharing and transferring files within Networks can be done
through process rate of @ bps which saves our time.
P Security: e can secure confidential, sensitive files and programs in
our network with password protected. restricting access to
Unauthorized users.
P Resource Sharing: Resources such as printers, modems, Drives can
be shared.
P exibe Access: e can access the files from computers throughout
our organization firm.
P ectronic mais: E-mail on a network can enable the users to
communicate and sending information formall.
1PL3 0l NL1w0RK3
The Networks are differentiated as,
.LAN(Local Area Network)
.MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
.AN(ide Area Network)
4.CAN(Campus Area Network)
-
A neLwork ls sald Lo be Local Area neLwork lf lL all Lhe
sysLems are connecLed wlLhln Lhe same geographlcal area
expandlng noL more Lhan a mlle aparL Lo oLher compuLers
SYSTEMS CONNECTED THN THE ORANZATON
M-
A neLwork ls sald Lo be MeLropollLan Area neLwork lf Lhe
sysLems are connecLed beLween Lhe clLles le connecLlng Lwo or
more branches beLween Lhe clLles ClC's are used Lo llnk Lhelr
slLes
Router Fire ware Router Fire ware
C-
A neLwork ls sald Lo be Campus/CorporaLe Area neLwork lf lL ls
made up of lnLerconnecLlon of LAn's wlLhln Lhe llmlLed geographlcal
areaCAn covers larger area Lhan a LAn
Sstems connected bw the LAN's within a campus.
uilding-
uilding-
uilding-
LAN
LAN
LAN
W-
1he neLwork whlch covers or connecLs larger
geographlcal area such as counLrles London uk lndla eLc
ls sald Lo be called as Wlde Area neLwork
eb
server
DC,
DNS
AN
Router
Router
Switch
Switch
NL1w0RK M0ULL3
1here are Lwo Lypes of neLwork models
1) WorkCroup Model
2) uomaln Model
WorkGroup Mode|
ls also called as eereer neLwork lL ls a collecLlon of compuLers
connecLed LogeLher Lo share Lhe resources wlLhouL any cenLrallzed
admlnlsLraLlon where each user admlnlsLers Lhelr own compuLer
1here ls no dedlcaLed server
1here ls no hlerarchy among Lhe compuLers
no admlnlsLraLor requlred
ls less expenslve
oma|n Mode|
ln Lhls model Lhere ls dedlcaLed server whlch ls opLlmlzed Lo accepL
Lhe servlce requesLs from Lhe neLwork cllenLs and sendlng Lhe daLa as per
Lhe cllenL requesL So lL ls also called as Server8ased/CllenLServer
neLwork
lL provldes cenLrallzed admlnlsLraLlon
lL manages Lhe securlLy credenLlals
lL can supporLs more number of cllenLs whlch are ln dlfferenL
locaLlons
Server
1he server ls a cenLral sysLem ln a neLwork LhaL serves Lhe speclflc
requesLs from all Lhe neLwork cllenLs
C||ent
A CllenL ls a compuLer whlch uses Lhe resources of Lhe server ln
whlch Lhe cllenL sends Lhe requesL Lo Lhe server and Lhe server
responds Lo Lhe cllenL's requesL on securlLy basls
NL1w0RK 10P0L00lL3
@opo|ogy
1he way of cabllng ls called a Lopology So neLwork
Lopology refers Lo Lhe physlcal arrangemenL of a neLwork where all
Lhe devlces are lnLerconnecLed Lo communlcaLe on Lhe neLwork
1he dlfferenL Lypes of Lopologles are
DS @9G
kI-G @9G
S@k @9G
MLSn @9G
nkI@9G
us @opo|ogy
1he way of cabllng held ln Lhls Lopology ls slngle
cable where mulLlple compuLers and neLwork devlces are
connecLed ln a slngle llne lL ls shown as
Terminator
Terminator
k|ng @opo|ogy
ln Lhls Lopology all Lhe sysLems are connecLed Lo one anoLher
formlng a large clrcle ln a closed loop
lf any one sLaLlon ls down Lhe enLlre rlng wlll geL dlsLurbed
ln Lhls neLwork lL uses a speclal Lype of devlce called Medla
Access ConLrol whlch recelves daLa Lhrough one porL and
LransmlLs daLa Lhrough anoLher porL
Star @opo|ogy
ln Lhls Lopology each sysLem ls connecLed Lo a cenLrallzed neLwork
devlce le Pub SwlLch 1hls ls Lhe mosL common neLwork seLup where Lhe
cenLral devlce [olns all Lhe dlfferenL nodes LogeLher and conLrols Lhe
communlcaLlon b/w Lhe sysLems on neLwork
Lasy Lo lmplemenL and expands our neLwork
SecurlLy can be lmplemenLed ln Lhe swlLch used
File
server
Network Printer
Centralized Device HubSwitch
Clients
Clients
Mesh @opo|ogy
ln Lhls Lopology each of Lhe sysLems and neLwork devlces are
lnLerconnecLed wlLh one anoLher ln a neLwork for Lhe daLa Lransmlsslon
lf one of Lhe connecLlon breaks sLlll Lhe neLwork wlll operaLe
A hlghspeed exchange of lnformaLlon ls posslble b/w Lhe source
and desLlnaLlon
1hls Lype of Lopology ls malnly used ln uefense
lL has a complex physlcal layouL
nybr|d @opo|ogy
1he Pybrld Lopology ls a comblnaLlon of mulLlple
Lopologles lnLo one large Lopology
Cne of Lhe comblnaLlon ls SLar 8us Lopology
AnoLher comblnaLlon can be SLar 8lng Lopology
S1A8 8uS 1CCLCC?
S1A8 8lnC 1CACLCC?
0MMuNlA1l0N MLUlA
1he communlcaLlon medla ls noLhlng buL whaL Lype of cables we are
uslng Lo make communlcaLlon posslble ln Lhe neLwork archlLecLure
And Lhe cable ls Lhe medlum Lhrough whlch lnformaLlon usually
moves from one neLwork devlce Lo anoLher devlce
1he Lype of cable can be chosen for a neLwork ls relaLed Lo Lhe
neLwork's Lopology proLocol and area covered Lo bulld Lhe neLwork
uependlng on Lhe cabllng sysLem we have dlfferenL Lypes of cabllng
sLandards
ln order Lo Lransfer daLa from one sysLem Lo anoLher Lhrough neLwork
medlum we have dlfferenL communlcaLlon medla cables
And we also have Lhe medla connecLors whlch ls a physlcal
devlce helps for daLa Lransfer Lhrough Lhe communlcaLlon
medla cable
ALlN0 31ANUARU3
108ase1
108aselL
1008ase1
1008ase1x
1008aselx
1008ase14
10008ase1
10008aseCx
10008aseSx
10008aseLx
10C8aseS8
10C8aseL8
10C8aseL8
1he dlfferenL Lypes of cabllng sLandards are
1PL3 0l MLUlA ALL3
1he dlfferenL Lypes of medla cable are
P 1wlsLed alr
P Coaxlal
P llber opLlcal
@|sted 9a|r
1hls ls one of Lhe Lype of Lransmlsslon medla conslsLs of color coded
palrs of Lwo shlelded or unshlelded lnsulaLed copper wlres ln a splral
paLLern
1he splral paLLern lncluded mlnlmlzes crossLalk ln Lhe neLwork
lL ls llghLer Lhlnner and more flexlble
lL ls lnexpenslve
1here are Lwo varleLles of LwlsLed palr cabllng 1hey are
1)unshlelded 1wlsLed alr(u1)
2)Shlelded 1wlsLed alr(S1)
D-SnILL @WIS@L 9Ik
u1 cabllng conslsLs of Lwo unshlelded wlres LwlsLed around each
oLher LhaL conLaln no shleldlng
1he sLandard connecLor used ls 8!43 connecLor
lL ls commonly used ln Lelephone wlres and also ln compuLer
neLworklng
D@9 C@LGkILS
W CaLegory 1 only volce communlcaLlon(Lelephone calls) LransmlLs 1Mbps
W CaLegory 2 Modern neLworks Local calls LransmlLs 4Mbps
W CaLegory 3 used for 10Mbps LLherneL 4Mbps 1oken 8lng neLworks
W CaLegory 4 used for 16Mps 1oken 8lng 10Mbps LLherneL neLworks
W CaLegory 3 LransmlL daLa [ 100Mbps for LAn neLworks
W CaLegory 3e carry addlLlonal volce and vldeo conversaLlons
W CaLegory 6 LransmlLs daLa [ 1Cbps for ClgablL LLherneL
SnILL @WIS@L 9Ik
ln S1 Lhe LwlsLed palrs are ln a shleld wlLh elecLrlcally grounded
woven copper mesh separaLlng Lhem from cable's ouLer sheeL
1hls shleldlng ls Lo provlde reslsLance Lo exLernal elecLromagneLlc
lnLerference(LMl)
lL prevenLs crossLalk
COI CL
1hls ls a prlmary Lype of cabllng used mosLly by Lhe cable
Lelevlslon lndusLry and also used for compuLer neLworks
lL ls expenslve and also carry addlLlonal daLa llke volce vldeo wlLh
Lhe
help of 8nC whlch ls a connecLor used for daLa Lransfer ln coaxlal
cabllng
Where 8nC 8ayoneL nelll ConecLor
|ber pt|c cab|e
1hls ls Lhe sLandard cable used for connecLlng neLworks
beLween bulldlngs as lL ls good for hlghspeed hlgh capaclLy daLa
Lransmlsslon
1hls llber opLlc cable has been classlfled lnLo Lwo Lypes
1)Slnglemode
2)MulLlmode
1PL3 0l MLUlA 0NNL10R3
1he dlfferenL Lypes of medla connecLors are
8!11
8!43
SC connecLor
LC connecLor
8nC
As of our neLwork Lhe LwlsLed palr cables requlres a speclal Lool
called as crlmper and 8!43 connecLor And Lhls crlmplng has Lwo Lypes
of cabllng Lhey are
1SLralghLLhrough Cable
2Crossover cable
1SLralghLLhrough cabllng used Lo connecL unllke devlces
C Lo SwlLch or Pub
8ouLer Lo swlLch or hub
2Crossover cabllngused Lo connecL llke devlces
SwlLch Lo SwlLch
C Lo C
Pub Lo Pub
S@kIGn@@nkDGn CI-G Ck
CI-G
Crange whlLe Crange whlLe
Crange Crange
Creen whlLe Creen whlLe
8lue 8lue
8lue whlLe 8lue whlLe
Creen Creen
8rown whlLe 8rown whlLe
8rown 8rown
CkSSILk CI-G Ck CI-G
Crange whlLe Creen whlLe
Crange Creen
Creen whlLe Crange whlLe
8lue 8lue
8lue whlLe 8lue whlLe
Creen Crange
8rown whlLe 8rown whlLe
8rown 8rown
NL1w0RKlN0 ULvlL3
neLworklng devlces are also called as CommunlcaLlon
devlces
CommunlcaLlon uevlces are useful Lo provlde
communlcaLlon among Lhe sysLems whlch are
connecLed ln Lhe neLwork
CommunlcaLlon devlces are helpful Lo expand our
neLwork
PCommunlcaLlon uevlces are of Lwo Lypes 1hey are
1)lnLelllgenL uevlces
2)nonlnLelllgenL uevlces
COMMUNCATON DEVCES
Non-ntelligent ntelligent
)HUS )STCHES
)REPEATERS )ROUTERS
)RDES
Non-lntelligent Uevioes
HUBS:-
Hub is a centralized device used for communication bw the
computers interconnected.
The main disadvantage of a Hub is, when we want to
transfer some data from one sstem to another sstem & if our
N has sstems the data packet instead of being sent onl
to the destination sstem, it is being send to all the sstems in
the network i.e Hub allows broadcasting.
kL9L@LkS
8epeaLers are used for boosLlng up Lhe slgnals lf
Lwo compuLers are aL a 2 km dlsLance and we need Lo
make Lhe communlcaLlon posslble as we havlng Lhe
cable of 1Z km ln such case we wlll connecL Lhe
remalnlng Z km cable wlLh Lhe help of repeaLers
lN1LLLl0LN1 ULvlL3
SWI@CnLS
lL ls an advanced verslon and Lhe maln role of
swlLch ls unlcasLlng 1he daLa packeLs are LransmlLLed
dlrecLly Lo Lhe LargeL compuLer
SwlLch malnLalns a Lable called Ml1(Mac
lnformaLlon 1able)whlch acLs llke a lndex 1hls Lable
conLalns porL no l Address and MAC Address
kD@LkS
8ouLer ls a devlce whlch connecLs Lwo dlfferenL neLworks ln
oLher cases connecLlng of Class A neLwork wlLh Class C neLwork
A rouLer forwards packeLs across mulLlple neLworks Lhrough Lhe
mosL opLlmal paLh lL performs Lhe role of a posLman
Router front panel Router-ack panel
kIGLS:-
8rldge ls a physlcal unlLs wlLh Lwo porLs
- 8rldges reduce Lhe amounL of Lrafflc on a LAn by dlvldlng lL lnLo Lwo
segmenLs
8rldges operaLe aL Lhe daLa llnk layer (Layer 2) of Lhe CSl model
8rldges lnspecL lncomlng Lrafflc and declde wheLher Lo forward or dlscard lL
03l M0ULL
1he Cpen SysLem lnLerconnecLlon Model was
developed by lSC whlch deflnes Lhe neLworklng
framework for lmplemenLlng proLocols
1he CSl Model ls an archlLecLure whlch dlvldes Lhe
neLwork communlcaLlon lnLo seven layers
3LvLN LALR3 0l 03l M0ULL
AppllcaLlon Layer
resenLaLlon Layer
Sesslon Layer
1ransporL Layer
neLwork Layer
uaLa Llnk Layer
hyslcal Layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Phsical
P11 SM1 l1 1LLnL1
uaLa Converslon uaLa compresslon uaLa LncrypLlon
nl1 SCL 8C AS
1Cuu
l 8C CSl
MAC L21
Sends and receives the bits acts as a phsical medium.
PR0100L3
roLocol lL ls deflned as Lhe sLandard seL of rules
lL ls a comblnaLlon of loglcal and physlcal address
1here are Lwo Lypes of proLocols 1hey are
1)Cpen proLocol Cpen Lo all 1C/l
2)vendor Speclflc proLocol vendor wlll speclfy Lhe proLocol
dependenL on Lhe plaLform
1he l address ls called as Lhe Loglcal address
1he MAC address ls called as Lhe hyslcal address
I9 ddress
l address ls also called as 32blL address whlch
conLalns 4 ocLeLs A slngle ocLeL conLalns 8blLs lL can be
wrlLLen as
wxyz
MC ddress
MAC Address ls Lhe address burnL ln Lhe nlC card by
Lhe manufacLurer lL conLalns 48blLs ln Lhe form of
hexadeclmal whlch deLermlnes Lhe physlcal locaLlon of a
sysLem lL can be wrlLLen as
MMMMMMSSSSSS
Commands to kno your system I9 ddress and
MC ddress
lpconflg
lpconflg/all
geLmac
geLmac s sysLem name"