Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Cell Reduction Chapter 10

MITOSIS 2n 2n 2n MITOSIS 2n

zygote

2n = 46 diploid (2n) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION haploid (n) n = 23 n

n egg sperm

Review
Mitosis

Prophase: Sister chromatids appear Metaphase: Chromosomes line up Anaphase: Chromatids separate and chromosomes move towards opposite poles Telophase: Nucleus appears

Cell Division
Cell division increases the number of somatic cells (body cells) through
Mitosis: Division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm Coming to Terms

Somatic cells: a body cell Germ cells (or Gamete): a reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that has half the genes of a somatic cell (haploid)

Is a typical body cell Has 46 chromosomes in a human 23 pairs of chromosomes

somatic cell

Humans

have two different sex chromosomes, X and Y, & 22 other pairs of matching chromosomes, called autosomes

Chromosome analogy
Chromosomes

Organisms usually have them in pairs In some systems (e.g., humans), females have all matching pairs and males have an odd pair!
XX XY

are like shoes

A karyotype is an orderly illustration of chromosomes Homologous chromosomes are matching pairs of chromosomes Homologous mean same

Pair of homologous chromosomes Centromere Sister chromatids

The life cycle of a multicellular organism is the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Egg cell Sperm cell Meiosis Fertilization Diploid zygote (2n = 46) Multicellular diploid adults (2n = 46)

Mitosis and development

Humans

Their somatic (body) cells contain pairs of chromosomes

are diploid organisms

Their

gametes (sex cells: sperm, egg) are haploid, having only one set of chromosomes

MEIOSIS, THE BASIS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual reproduction depends on

Fertilization Meiosis

Figure 8.11, 2/E; equivalent to Fig. 8.12, 3/E

Meiosis: Halves the Chromosome Number

Special Used

type of cell division

only for sexual reproduction

Halves

the chromosome number prior to fertilization

Parents diploid Meiosis produces haploid gametes Gametes fuse in fertilization to form diploid zygote Becomes the next diploid generation
10

 In

diploid body cells chromosomes occur in pairs Humans have 23 different types of chromosomes Diploid cells have two of each type Chromosomes of the same type are said to be homologous

a.

sister chromatids

duplication

Nonsister chromatids kinetochore

duplication

centromere

They have the same length Their centromeres are positioned in the same place One came from the father (the paternal homolog) the other from the mother (the maternal homolog) When stained, they show similar banding patterns A location on one homologue contains gene for the same trait that occurs at this locus on the other homologue
paternal chromosome maternal chromosome

chromosome

homologous pair

chromosome

b.

Although the genes may code for different variations of that trait Alternate forms of a gene are called alleles

The Process of Meiosis

In

meiosis

Interphase
Centrosomes (with centriole pairs)

Diploid (2n) organisms produce haploid (n) gametes Two consecutive divisions occur after interphase, meiosis I and meiosis II

Nuclear envelope

Chromatin

Chromosomes duplicate

Meiosis I
Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate Telophase I and Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow

Prophase I
Sites of crossing over Spindle

Metaphase I
Microtubules attached to Chromosomes

Anaphase I
Sister chromatids remain attached

Sister chromatids

Tetrad

Centromere Tetrads line up Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up Two haploid cells form: chromosomes are still double

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange segments

Meiosis II
Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Sister chromatids separate

Haploid daughter cells forming

During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis
Parent cell (before chromosome duplication) Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Site of crossing over Chromosome duplication Chromosome duplication

Meiosis

Meiosis I Tetrad formed by pairing of homologous chromosomes

Prophase

Pairing of homologous chromosomes 2n = 4

Prophase I

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell

Tetrads align at the middle of the cell

Metaphase I

Anaphase Telophase
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase

2n

2n

Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I; sister chromatids remain together No further chromosomal duplication; sister chromatids separate during anaphase II

Anaphase I Telophase I

Daughter cells of meiosis I

Haploid n=2

Daughter cells of mitosis

Meiosis II

n n n n Daughter cells of meiosis II

The Origins of Genetic Variation

Offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically different from their parents and from one another

Random Fertilization *Independent assortment *Crossing Over

*MEIOTIC EVENTS (production of sperm or egg)

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

During meiotic cell division, every chromosome pair lines up independently of the others
Possibility 1 Metaphase of meiosis I Possibility 2

Metaphase of meiosis II

Gametes

Combination a

Combination b

Combination c

Combination d

Crossing Over
Homologous chromosomes rub together and exchange genetic information Genetic recombination occurs

Tetrad Prophase I of meiosis Chiasma, site of crossing over

Metaphase I

Spindle microtubules

Metaphase II

Gametes

Recombinant chromosomes

Overview of Meiosis I & II

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Four haploid daughter cells centrioles nucleolus centromere sister chromatids synapsis

chromosome duplication 2n = 4 2n = 4

MEIOSIS I Homologous pairs synapse and then separate.

n=2

n=2 MEIOSIS II Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes.

Animation

Animation

Animation
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22

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE PROCESS DOESNT FOLLOW THE TEXT BOOK?

Is a condition where an individual has an extra chromosome 21; hence the name: trisomy 21 Nondisjunction: Chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis

Down Syndrome: An Extra Chromosome 21

Nondisjunction in Sex Chromosomes

XXY

Kleinfelter Syndrome Male, sterile (small testes), can have female features like enlarged breasts 3 or more Xs also considered Kleinfelter, but these individuals are more likely to also be mentally retarded XYY may be taller than average, otherwise normal male XXX Metafemale, sometimes infertile but otherwise normal

Nondisjunction in Sex Chromosomes

XO

Short stature Web of skin in neck area Sterile Poor development of secondary sex characteristics such as breasts

Turner syndrome

POLYPLOIDY
Polyploids

(many sets of chromosomes) Have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic (body) cell May occur when meiosis fails and gametes (sex cells) are produced via mitosis This example results in tetraploid (4n) offspring Are sometimes infertile Are sometimes new kinds of life (esp. in plants) capable of reproduction

 Make up at least half of flowering plant species Wheat, strawberries, potato, apple Sometimes occur among animals Some fish and amphibians Rare mammalian example:
Rat species from Chile

POLYPLOIDY

Mitosis & Meiosis Videos

(1.3 min. mitosis, review) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&feature=related (3.5 min. mitosis, review) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6j36p3s8ts

(3 min. meiosis, good) http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/biology-meiosis-cell-division/1061999f4960b

(3 min. meiosis, good)

http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/meiosis/c08404a18091d849525bc08404a18091

(Geo Mitosis wave music, mesmerizing) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jXeGlnXajM