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Distribution system

Overhead vs. underground system

DC vs. AC systems Choice of working voltage

Transmission Cost as Function of Voltage Level.

Choice of Working Voltage

L kVA V 5.5 1.6 150 L 3P V 5.5 1.6 100

V is the line voltage in kV L is the line distance in km P is the estimated maximum power in kW per phase

Using these empirical relations preliminary estimate is made. Then voltage level is chosen by doing complete economic study of existing interconnected system.

Line Parameters

Electrical Parameters

Resistance

Inductance
Capacitance Conductance

Conductance is due to leakage over line insulators. It is very small and can be always neglected.

Types of Conductor

Copper

Aluminum: Cheaper, lighter, but less conductive and less tensile strength than copper

ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)

AAC (All Aluminum Conductor)

AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor) ACAR (Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced) Expanded ACSR

ACSR Conductor

Internal steel strands increase the tensile strength Outer aluminum strands carry the current Stranded conductor with twisted wires for strength and flexibility of mechanical handling.

Resistance

The DC resistance of conductor at specified temperature is:

T l
A

T is the resistivity of the conductor at temperature T l is the length of the conductor in m

A is the cross-sectional area of conductor in m2

Resistance

Temperature dependence of resistance:

Rt R0 (1 0T )

R0 is the resistance at 00C 0 is the temperature coefficient of the resistance of conductor at 00C

Thus, if the resistance at temperature T1 is known, the resistance at any other temperature T2 can be computed using: Rt 2 (1 0 T2 ) Rt1 (1 0 T1 )

AC Resistance: Skin and Proximity Effect

Skin Effect

Proximity Effect

Currents in same direction

Currents in opposite direction

Resistance
Material Copper % Conductivity 100% Resistivity (200C) m 1.72

Aluminum
Iron Silver

61%
17.2% 108%

2.83
10 1.59

Resistance depends on:

Temperature
Dimensions Frequency

Inductance

Most dominant line parameter d d di di e L dt di dt dt Therefore L d di In linear magnetic systems L i

Mutual inductance is:
M 12

12
I2

Steps in Calculating Inductance

Magnetic field intensity (H) using Amperes law

Magnetic flux density B (=H) Flux linkages () Inductance from flux linkage per ampere (L=/I)

Internal Inductance

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Internal Inductance

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External Inductance

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Inductance of Single-Phase Line

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Inductance of Single-Phase Line

If r1 = r2 = r , then

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