EVOLUTION OF SDH TECHNOLOGY

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (PDH)

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz
Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz

(Double the Max. Frequency)

8 bits per sample Digital Bit Rate: 8Khz X 8 = 64 Khz

BUILDING UP THE BASE STREAM (2MB)

30 Voice Channels @ 64 Khz
One channel for Frame (64 K) One channel for Signaling (64 K)

Total number of Channels = 32

Bit Rate: 32 X 64 K= 2048 Khz (2Mb)

PDH BIT RATES

E1-2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel] E2-8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel] E3-34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel] E4-139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

PDH HIERARCHY

PDH PRODUCTS
MULTIPLEXERS: M12 MUX:4E1 Streams Multiplexed to One E2

M23 MUX:4E2 Streams Multiplexed to One E3

M34 MUX:4E3 Streams Multiplexed to One E4

PDH PRODUCTS Contd

OPTICAL: OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)8Mb, 34Mb, 140Mb. OPTICAL REGENERATOR EQUIPMENT34 Mb,140Mb.
OPTIMUX: SINGLE SHELF CONTAINS BOTH MUX AND OLTE

ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - PDH

G.701
Vocabulary of digital transmission and multiplexing, and pulse code modulation (PCM) terms

G.702
Digital hierarchy bit rates

G.703
Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces

G.704
Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44 736 kbit/s hierarchical levels

G.705
Characteristics of plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) equipment functional blocks

G.706
Frame alignment and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) procedures relating to basic frame structures defined in Recommendation G.704

LIMITATIONS IN PDH
Different Standards Systems operates in its own Clock Proprietary Coding Mechanisms Making Inter-Operas Ability of System Between Different Vendors Not Transparent Protection Schemes are not available Ring, Hub Configuration not possible

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH)

WHY SDH?
High Transmission Rates Simplified Add & Drop Function High Availability and Capacity Matching Reliability Future Proof Platform for New Services Interconnection

SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK COMPONENTS

SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK Contd

Regenerators Terminal Multiplexers Add-drop Multiplexers Digital X-Connect Network Management System

SDH/ SONET BIT RATES

MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO SDH SIGNAL

MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO SDH SIGNAL Contd..

CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY

CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY

Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Accuracy : 1 x 10-11 ppm Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU) Accuracy : 1 x 10-9 ppm Synchronisation Equipment Clock (SEC) Accuracy : 4.6 x 10-6 ppm

AUTOMATIC PROTECTION SWITCHING(APS)

LINEAR PROTECTION
UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS

LINE PROTECTION

UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS

BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT IN SDH

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT IN SDH Contd..

PDH

ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - SDH

ITU RECOMMENDATIONS SDH Contd

DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)

DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

DWDM is a Fiber Optic Transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to transmit data Parallel-by-bit or Serial by Character.

CHALLENGES IN OPTICAL NETWORKS

Increased service Needs Fiber exhaust Layered bandwidth management

SOLUTIONS
Laying more fiber Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Dense wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

LAYING MORE FIBER

Economic solution where cost of fiber laying is minimal
May not be able to provide new services or utilize bandwidth management capability of a unifying optical layer.

MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
Synchronous Asynchronous

WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

INCREASED CAPACITY BY COMBINING TDM WITH DWDM

CAPACITY OF TDM AND TDM & DWDM

CWDM vs DWDM
CHARACTERISTISC CHANNEL SPACING NUMBER OF BANDS USED COST PER CHANNEL NUMBER OF CHANNEL DELIVERED AGGREGATE FIBRE CAPACITY TRANSMISSION DISTANCE COARSE WDM LARGE 2500 Ghz (20 nm) O;E;S;C AND L LOW 17 TO 18 DENSE WDM SMALL 200 Ghz (0.8 nm) C and L HIGH HUNDREDS OF CHANNELS POSSIBLE 100 TO 1000 Gbps UPTO 900 Km

20 TO 40 Gbps UPTO 70 Km

BEST APPLICATION

SHORT-HAUL

LONG HAUL

COMPONENTS OF A DWDM SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF A DWDM SYSTEM Contd Transponder Multiplexer Fiber Amplifier Demultiplexer Receiver

LIMITING FACTORS IN A DWDM SYSTEM

ABBREVATION
PMD-POLORIZATION MODE DISPERSION SPM- SELF PHASE MODULATION XPM- CROSS PHASE MODULATION FWM- FOUR WAVE MIXING RAMAN-STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING BRILLOUIN-STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING

ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - DWDM

G.694.1 Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid G.694.2 Spectral grids for WDM applications: CWDM wavelength grid G.695 Optical interfaces for coarse wavelength division multiplexing applications G.696.1 Intra-domain DWDM applications G.697 Optical monitoring for DWDM systems G.698.1 Multichannel DWDM applications with single channel optical interfaces

METROPOLITAN NETWORKS

ALL OPTICAL NETWORKS (AON)

THANK YOU