Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NATURE
GIFT OF GOD
RESOURCES
Renewables
14%
Oil
7%
Nuclear
34%
21%
Renewables
Natural Gas
24%
Coal
THINK AN ALTERNATIVE
Renewable
More availability Sustainable Continuous growth in energy
Yes
Biofuels, the way forward
Biofuels ensure
Energy security
Environment compatibility
Economic benefits
BIOFUELS
an inexaustible solid, liquid and gaseous fuel Derived from biomass Biomass- total cellular dry weight/ organic material
EVOLUTION OF BIOFUELS
Technology Progression
Direct Synthesis?
Algae
CORN
JATROPHA
WHEAT
BIOETHANOL
Produced by fermentation of starch crops
Starch Crops
S.cerevisiae
Ethanol
Can be used in its pure form As a blend with gasoline (5% ethanol-gasoline) Govt. made ethanol blend mandatory in 9 states & 4 UTs
BIODIESEL
Produced by transesterification of oils and fats
Rapeseed/ soyabean
Catalyst
Biodiesel
Can be used as a neat fuel As a blend with mineral diesel(15% biodiesel-mineral diesel)
Jatropha
hardy, perennial plant grow on eroded soil high water use efficiency can withstand extreme drought
Switchgrass
Wheat Straw
Hybrid Poplar
Corn Stalks
Biomass feedstock producible with low inputs Fertilizers Pesticides Producible on land with low agricultural value Less dependency on land and water Less energy input Low cost substrates
Cellulosic bioethanol
Produced by saacharification & fermentation of low cost sugar
Cellulosic biomass
Saccharification( trichoderma reesei)
Sugars
Fermentation
ethanol
Improvement stratergies
Microbes that degrade lignin Microbial strains - high yield of cellulase Microbes utilizing cellulose and hemicellulose efficiently Exploitation of advantageous features of Z.mobilis
Algae
Features
Efficient at photosynthesis Stores captured energy in form of oil No fertile land Less water dependency Faster growth rates
Oil use
Maximize lipid accumulation Metabolic control Strains with high lipid Gene transfer systems
.Idea forwarded
ADVANTAGES
Environment
Global climate change
Air quality
Water quality
Land quality
Waste disposal
Friendly
Energy
independence security
Socio-Economic
reduce energy expenditure stimulate rural development new industries, jobs, market Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources
BIO OR BUST
2.
3.
Land should be used to grow food / fuel Food sufficiency decreases- not fulfilling needs Rise in food prices
Increase in NOx emissions Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens
Water concerns
Soil Concerns
deprives soil of nutrients- fertilizers Use of pesticides and insecticides contaminate soil Soil erosion
Land Concerns
Cost
Yield Low value fuel Not commercially attractive( less profit) Negative impact on environment- biosafety Stringent quality testing needed for biofuels Biofuel productuon standards
Summarising Issues
Not all biofuels are beneficial when full environmental impacts are assessed Need to consider how a biofuel crop is grown and converted into a usable fuel Need technological advances to overcome these
R & D ISSUES
Develop microbes
Develop crops
Drought tolerance
Heat tolerance
Cold tolerance
Salt tolerance
Identification of species
Promising in
CHALLENGES
Large scale production Long term effects Yield Effect on environment Effect on biodiversity Economics
Government policies
R &D issues
FINAL THOUGHT
If you leave a plant in ground for 300 million years YOU GET FOSSIL FUELS
BIOFUELS is like taking the plant out of the ground 300 million years earlier
THANK YOU