BIOFUELS

Presenter: DEEPIKA CHOUDHARY

NATURE

GIFT OF GOD

RESOURCES
Renewables

14%

Oil

7%
Nuclear

34%

Oil Coal Gas Nuclear

21%

Renewables

Natural Gas

24%

Coal

HOW LONG OUR SOCIETY CAN MEET GROWING ENERGY NEEDS?

HOW LONG WE CAN EXPLOIT ENVIRONMENT?

HOW LONG OUR POCKET ALLOW US TO BUY FUEL?

THINK AN ALTERNATIVE

Energy security for the future Eco-friendly Affordable

Renewable
More availability Sustainable Continuous growth in energy

Are Biofuels the Answer?...

Yes
Biofuels, the way forward

Biofuels ensure

Energy security
Environment compatibility

Economic benefits

CONCERNS AND CONSIDERATIONS

BIOFUELS
an inexaustible solid, liquid and gaseous fuel Derived from biomass Biomass- total cellular dry weight/ organic material

EVOLUTION OF BIOFUELS

Technology Progression

Direct Synthesis?
Algae

Cellulosic Bioethanol Corn

FIRST GENERATION BIOFUEL

FOOD CROPS

CORN

JATROPHA

WHEAT

BIOETHANOL
Produced by fermentation of starch crops

Starch Crops
S.cerevisiae

Ethanol
Can be used in its pure form As a blend with gasoline (5% ethanol-gasoline) Govt. made ethanol blend mandatory in 9 states & 4 UTs

BIODIESEL
Produced by transesterification of oils and fats

Rapeseed/ soyabean
Catalyst

Biodiesel

Can be used as a neat fuel As a blend with mineral diesel(15% biodiesel-mineral diesel)

Biodiesel from Jatropha

Seeds of the Jatropha nut Crushed oil is extracted processed , Refined bio-diesel.

Jatropha

hardy, perennial plant grow on eroded soil high water use efficiency can withstand extreme drought

Anti- erosion quality

SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS

non food crops: Cellulosic Feedstock

Switchgrass

Wheat Straw

Hybrid Poplar

Corn Stalks

Low-Input High-Diversity Biofuels

Biomass feedstock producible with low inputs Fertilizers Pesticides Producible on land with low agricultural value Less dependency on land and water Less energy input Low cost substrates

Cellulosic bioethanol
Produced by saacharification & fermentation of low cost sugar

Cellulosic biomass
Saccharification( trichoderma reesei)

Sugars
Fermentation

ethanol

Improvement stratergies

Microbes that degrade lignin Microbial strains - high yield of cellulase Microbes utilizing cellulose and hemicellulose efficiently Exploitation of advantageous features of Z.mobilis

Hybrid strain performing saccharification and fermentation

THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS

derived from aquatic phototrophs(AMOPs)

Algae

Features

Efficient at photosynthesis Stores captured energy in form of oil No fertile land Less water dependency Faster growth rates

Algae- potential to make biofuel

Oil use

Direct Indirect/ transesterification

Maximize lipid accumulation Metabolic control Strains with high lipid Gene transfer systems

FOURTH GENERATION BIOFUEL

based on the conversion of vegoil and biodiesel into gasoline

.Idea forwarded

ADVANTAGES

Environment
Global climate change

Less CO2 emission Less green house gases

Air quality

Less emission of CO, particulates, toxic particles No SO2 emission

Water quality

No harm to marine -oil spills No ground water contamination

Land quality

Greening of waste lands by plantation

Waste disposal

Clean environment- waste recycle

Friendly

Biodegradable, renewable Non toxic

Energy

independence security

Socio-Economic

reduce energy expenditure stimulate rural development new industries, jobs, market Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser dependence on foreign resources

BIO OR BUST

Food v/s fuel debate

1.

2.
3.

Land should be used to grow food / fuel Food sufficiency decreases- not fulfilling needs Rise in food prices

How green are biofuels

Air Concerns

Increase in NOx emissions Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric concentrations of carcinogens

Water concerns

Pesticides contaminate ground and surface water Affect marine life

Soil Concerns

deprives soil of nutrients- fertilizers Use of pesticides and insecticides contaminate soil Soil erosion

Land Concerns

Reduced land availability for cattle grazing Deforestation Threaten wildlife

How expensive are biofuels

Consequence Higher food prices Increased competition for

Land resources Water resources Fertilizers

Cost

Research & development Capital investment

How sustainable are biofuels

Yield Low value fuel Not commercially attractive( less profit) Negative impact on environment- biosafety Stringent quality testing needed for biofuels Biofuel productuon standards

Summarising Issues

Not all biofuels are beneficial when full environmental impacts are assessed Need to consider how a biofuel crop is grown and converted into a usable fuel Need technological advances to overcome these

MULTIPLE ISSUES AND ONE ANSWER BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS

R & D ISSUES
Develop microbes

genetically stable high product yielding

utilizing low cost substrates Improved features

Develop crops

Genetic improvement Agronomic improvement

Expanding Usable Acreage

Drought tolerance

Heat tolerance

Cold tolerance

Salt tolerance

Identification of species

Promising in

Various climates Various soil types

Advancement in production processes

CHALLENGES

Large scale production Long term effects Yield Effect on environment Effect on biodiversity Economics

Government policies
R &D issues

FINAL THOUGHT

If you leave a plant in ground for 300 million years YOU GET FOSSIL FUELS

BIOFUELS is like taking the plant out of the ground 300 million years earlier

THANK YOU