HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Anita Ocampo-So, MD, FPSP, DPBA, MHA

Professor
 GOALS

1. To understand the important

functions of the various organ
systems
2. To acquire the ability to problem
solving and critical thinking
3. To discern the value of laboratory
equipment and procedures as
diagnostic aids
 GOALS

1. To develop the attitude and habit

essential to the practice of
medicine and continuing medical
education
i. Sensitivity to colleagues, society,
and patient
ii. Sensitivity to difference
iii. Sensitivity to responsibility to CME
iv. Integrity
 PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology stated broadly and
simply is the study of how
living organisms work
It deals with the functions of
living beings and the
Integration on how the different
organ systems work together to
accomplish complex tasks
 PHYSIOLOGY

Claude Bernard
“After carrying out an analysis
of phenomena, we must
always reconstruct our
physiological synthesis so as
to see the joint action of all the
parts we have isolated.”
 PHYSIOLOGY and LIFE
Physiology deals with the
functions of living things thus
it deals with life itself
Life is the interplay of the
organism to its environment
It explains the physical and
chemical factors that are
responsible for the origin,
development and progression of
 ATTRIBUTES OF THE HUMAN
BODY
1. Organization
2. Irritability
3. Contractility
4. Nutrition
5. Respiration
6. Excretion
7. Metabolism and Growth
8. Reproduction
 HUMAN BODY

1. Solid component
 Cell
 Tissues - master tissues
- vegetative tissues
 Organs
 Systems
2. Liquid component
 2 Major fluid compartments
 FLUID COMPARTMENTS
ECF ICF
7.4-7.45 pH 7.35-7.4
308 mOsm/L Osmolarit 308 mOsm/L
Na+, Ca++ y
Cations K+, Mg++
Cl- Anions PO4-
14L Volume 28L
1/3 of TBF 2/3 of TBF
ISF – 11L
Plasma – 3L
Internal
Environment
 HOMEOSTASIS
 The maintenance of the body
in a stse of relative constancy
in the internal environment
 CONTROL SYSTEM – works on
1. Cellular level
2. Organismal level
3. Throughout the entire body
 CHARACTERISTICS
 Reflex in nature
 Operates on a feedback
mechanism, mostly (-); rarely
(+)
 Amplification or Gain
 Oscillation – driving, waxing,
damped
CELL and its FUNCTIONS
 Cells, like the human body
has
1. Division of labor
2. Specialization
3. Mutual interaction
4. Centralized control
 Cell – basic living unit of the
body
 PROTOPLASM

The different substances that

make up the cell. It is
composed of fluid medium
– principal
2. Water - Major cations and
3. Electrolytes anions
- Next to water, most
abundant
-Phospholipids and cholesterol
4. Proteins
-Triglycerides and natural fats
- 2 types
5. Lipids - Little structural
a.Structural
6. Carbohydratesfunction
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE of the
CELL
Contains highly organized
physical structures called
Organelles
Covered with a membrane
are the nucleus, endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria,
lysosomes, and Golgi
apparatus
 CELL MEMBRANE
 It envelopes the cell
 It is composed mostly of
 Proteins – 55%
 Lipids – 42%
Phospholipids – 25%
Cholesterol – 13%
Other Lipids – 4%
 Carbohydrates – 3%
 CELL MEMBRANE
1. Lipid Membrane
- Basic structure is a bilayer
b. Phospholipid part
1. Hydrophilic part
- Water soluble
- Consists of the head group
- Phosphate portion
2. Hydrophobic part
- Fat soluble
- Consists of the 2 chain group
- Fatty acyl portion
 CELL MEMBRANE
Phospholipid Bilayer
Primarilyresponsible for the
passive permeability properties
of the membrane
Choline containing
lecithin
(phosphatidylcholine)
Sphingomyelin
Aminophospholipids
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
 CELL MEMBRANE
 Others
 Phosphatidylglycerol
 Phosphatidylinositol
 cardiolipin

 Cholesterol

 Glycolipids
 LIPID BILAYER
Features
 It is fluid and not solid so portions of
the membrane can flow literally from
one point to another
 Substances dissolved or floating in the
lipid bilayer diffuse to all areas of the
cell membrane
 Lipid soluble substances easily cross
the lipid bilayer
 Water soluble substances do not
dissolve in the lipid bilayer; they cross
the membrane through water-filled
channels, pores, or carriers
 2 MEMBRANE PROTEINS
 Mostly Glycoproteins
 Fibronectin – integrins
2 types of Proteins
2. Integral proteins
3. Peripheral proteins
 MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Functions
2. Anchor
3. Pumps
4. Carriers
5. Ion channels
6. Receptors
7. Enzymes
8. Antibody processing
 MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATES
They are referred to as the cell
Glycocalyx
In combination with lipids –
glycolipids
With proteins - glycoproteins
 MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATES
Functions
 Bring (-) charge to the cell
 Attachment of one cell to the
other
 Act as receptor substances for
binding hormones
 Immune reactions or antigens
 CYTOPLASM and its
ORGANELLES
 Cytosol is the clear fluid of the
cytoplasm where the particles are
dispersed
 It contains mainly dissolved
proteins, electrolytes and glucose,
secretory granules and the
organelles
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
a. Granular ER
b. Agranular ER
2. Golgi Apparatus
 ORGANELLES
1. Peroxisomes
2. Mitochondria
Other structures include:
b. Filaments
• 13 tubulin protofilaments
• Myosin I, II, MTOCs
c. Tubules
∀ α,β,δ tubulins
• Kinesia
• Dynein
d. nucleus
 INTERCELLULAR
CONNECTIONS
1. Tight Junctions
 Tight
 Leaky
2. Gap Junctions
 CELLULAR TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
 Transport across but NOT through
Membranes
1. Endocytosis
 Energy requiring
 Receptor-ligand complex
 Sample:cholesterol & LDL receptors
 V-SNARES and T-SNARES
 2 forms: pinocytosis
phagocytosis
2. Exocytosis
 CELLULAR TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
A. Cellular Transport through
Membranes
1. Diffusion
 No energy needed
 Downhill
 2 pathways
 Through intermolecular intertices
 Through channels or transport
proteins
 RATE OF DIFFUSION

Determined by:
2. Amount of substance
available
3. Velocity of kinetic motion
4. Range of diffusion – distance
and time
5. Member of openings in the
membrane
 DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

Diffusion Coefficient = D
Proportional to the speed with which
the diffusing molecule can move in
the surrounding medium
 Size of molecule
Small molecule 1/(MW1/2)
Larger molecule 1/(MW1/3)
Spherical molecule

 Viscosity of the medium

Stokes – Einstein Equation

D= KT / 6πrη

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

J = (-) DA (∆c/ ∆x)

 DIFFUSION PERMEABILITY
of the C ELLULAR
MEMBRANE
 Permeable to lipid-soluble
molecules
 Impermeable to water-soluble
molecule
 Ions are also relatively insoluble in
lipid solvents; diffusion is through
protein channels:
a. Ion specific
b. Allows small ions only
c. Others – diameter, shape, charge
 Ion channels are controlled by:
a. Voltage difference
 CELLULAR TRANSPORT
THROUGH MEMBRANE
Osmosis
 Semi-permeable membrane
 Osmotic pressure
 Van’t Hoff’s Law of O.P.

π = RT (φic)

Isoosmotic Solutions
Hypoosmotic
Hyperosmotic
 PREDICTORS OF VOLUME
CHANGES
 The steady-state volume of the
cell is determined only by the
concentration of impermeant
solutes in the ECF
 Permeant solutes cause only
transient changes in cell volume
 The greater the permeabilty of
the membranes to the permeant
solute, the more rapid the time
course
 TRANSPORT THROUGH
MEMBRANES
Protein-Mediated Transport
Properties
 More rapid transport
 Shows saturation kinetics
 Mediating protein has chemical
specificity
 Structurally related molecules may
compete for transport
 Transport may be inhibited by
compounds that are not structurally
related
 In the form of carrier proteins or
 TRANSPORT THROUGH
MEMBRANES
Facilitated Transport System
 Movement of solutes from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration with the use of transporters
 No energy required
 Can’t move substances against a
concentration gradient
 They act to equalize concentrations of the
transported substance on the 2 sides of the
membrane
 Show saturation kinetics
 Phloretin inhibits sugar uptake while insulin
stimulates it
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 With the use of Transporters
 With the use of channels
a. Voltage
b. Ligand-gated
Types:
1. Primary
2. Secondary
 Cotransport – symport
 Countertransport - antiport
OTHER MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
PROCESSES
1. Ion-transporting ATPases
3 Major classes
1. P-type
2. V-type
3. F-type
 Ca++ transport
Ca++ ATPase
Calmodulin
 Na+-Ca++ exchanger
OTHER MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
PROCESSES
 Na+-H+ exchanger
 Anion exchanger
 Na+,K+,Cl- cotransport
 Facilitated Transport of Glucose
 Amino Acid Transport
 ABC (ATP-binding cassette)
transporters
 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator
(CFTR)
 Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR)
Transporter
 TRANSPORT ACROSS
EPITHELIA
 Epithelia are polarized
 Transport properties differ
from one side to the other
side of membrane
 With tight and leaky junctions
 2 types of pathways
1. Transcellular
2. Paracellular
 Thank You
And
Good Morning!