Unit 2A Human Form & Function

Body systems

The heart & circulation

Aorta Superior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava

Exterior view of the heart

Pulmonary artery Left atrium Pulmonary vein Left ventricle
Image created by Patrick Lynch

Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Right atrium

Section through the Aorta heart

Pulmonary vein Left atrium Bicuspid valve

Semilunar valve Tricuspid valve Septum Inferior vena cava Left ventricle

Right ventricle
The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images

The heart consists of four muscular The chambers chambers. The two on the LHS are separated from the two on the right by the septum. The upper chambers - the atria receive blood. The lower chambers - the ventricles are the pumping chambers.

The chambers
Left atrium Right atrium Septum

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery

The blood vessels

Aorta

Pulmonary vein

Inferior vena cava

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

The blood vessels

Carries From To

Vena cava

Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood Oxygenated blood

The body

Right atrium
The lungs

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Aorta

Right ventricle The lungs

Left atrium

Left ventricle

The body

The valves
Pulmonic semilunar valve Tricuspid atrioventricular valve Chordae tendinae Aortic semilunar valve

Bicuspid atrioventricular valve

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

The direction of the blood flow is controlled by four valves. The atrioventricular valves are held in position by strong tendons, the chordae tendinae (tendineae). The heart sounds lubb dubb result from the valves snapping shut.

The valves

Blood circulation through the heart

From the upper body To the lungs From the lungs To the body From the lungs

From the lower body

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

The heart contains specialised conductive Heart beat tissue which regulates the heartbeat. The sinoatrial node (SA node or pacemaker) is a cluster of specialised cardiac cells in the wall of the right atrium which initiates the heartbeat.
The atrioventricular node (AV node) is the secondary pacemaker which regulates the beating of the ventricles.

Conductive tissue
Sinoatrial (SA) node the pacemaker

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Perkinje fibres
The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

The circulatory system

The blood vessels & circulation

The blood vessels

Arteries - muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Arterioles small arteries that direct blood flow to various tissues.

Capillaries microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules. They enable the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues.

Venules small veins. Veins - blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Capillary bed

Arteries, veins and capillaries Vein

Arteriole

Venule Artery
The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images

Blood vessels - structure Tunica interna

(endothelium) Tunica externa

Tunica media

The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images

Arteries & veins have three layers (the tunicae) the tunica externa, tunica media & tunica interna

Blood vessels structure

Arteries Capillaries Veins Tunica interna Present Present Present

Tunica media

Well developed

None

Relatively thin

Tunica externa

Relatively thin None

Well developed

Arteries and veins

VEIN

Notice the relatively thin wall and large lumen.

Notice the relatively thick, muscular wall and small lumen.

ARTERY
G. Meyer ANHB, UWA

Veins contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood

Valve open

Valve closed

Section through a vein showing a valve

Valve

The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images

Capillaries are where the exchange of materials takes place and consist of one layer of cells only

The Miles Kelly Art library, Wellcome Images

A capillary bed

Capillaries

Artery

Vein

Jean Wade and Linda Sharp, Wellcome Images

Capillaries
Capillary

G. Meyer ANHB, UWA

L. Slomianka ANHB, UWA

The circulatory system

Medical Art Services, Munich, Wellcome Images

Double circulation
Humans, like all mammals, have a double circulation: The systemic circulation and The pulmonary circulation.

The pulmonary The pulmonary circulation circulation

takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium. The right ventricle is the pump for the pulmonary circulation.

The systemic The systemic circulation circulation takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circulation.

Double circulation
Pulmonary circulation

LUNGS

HEART

Systemic circulation
OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

Pulmonary circulation
LUNGS

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary circulation
Left atrium

Pulmonary vein

HEART

Right ventricle

Systemic circulation

Right atrium
HEART

Left ventricle

Vena cava

Aorta

Systemic circulation
ALL PARTS OF THE BODY

Major arteries

Carotid A Subclavian A Aorta

HEART

Celiac A Mesenteric A

Renal A Common iliac A

Femoral A

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

Major veins
Superior vena cava
HEART

Jugular V Subclavian V

Inferior vena cava

Hepatic V Renal V
Common iliac V

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration (The Parthenon Publishing Group, P. Cull, ed., 1989)

Study Guide
Read: TEXT BOOK Chapter 6 Complete: Activity 6.1 RQ 1-12