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The Sun
Earth 384,400 km
Moon
Time to nearest star: 4.3 years Time to nearest galaxy: 2 million years
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Planetary Characteristics
Planet Distance (AU) 0.39 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.20 9.54 19.2 30.1 Diameter (DEarth) Mass (MEarth) Density (H2O =1)
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Planetary Characteristics
Planet Distance (AU) 0.39 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.20 9.54 19.2 30.1 Diameter (DEarth) 0.38 0.95 1.00 0.53 11.23 9.41 4.06 3.88 109.
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Mass (MEarth)
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Planetary Characteristics
Planet Distance (AU) 0.39 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.20 9.54 19.2 30.1 Diameter (DEarth) 0.38 0.95 1.00 0.53 11.23 9.41 4.06 3.88 109. Mass (MEarth) 0.06 0.82 1.00 0.11 318. 95.2 14.6 17.3 332,000.
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Planetary Characteristics
Planet Distance (AU) 0.39 0.72 1.00 1.52 5.20 9.54 19.2 30.1 Diameter (DEarth) 0.38 0.95 1.00 0.53 11.23 9.41 4.06 3.88 109. Mass (MEarth) 0.06 0.82 1.00 0.11 318. 95.2 14.6 17.3 332,000. Density (H2O =1) 5.5 5.2 5.5 3.9 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.6 1.4
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Categories of Planets
Terrestrial (Earthlike):
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
- Small, dense, closely spaced, inner 4 with few moons (The rocky planets)
Jovian (Jupiter-like):
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
-Large, low density, widely spaced, outer 4, with several moons (The gas giants)
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Terrestrial Planets
Mercury
Closest to the Sun at 0.4 AU Small, rocky, heavily cratered No atmosphere Weak magnetic field One Mercurian year = 88 Earth days One Mercurian day (176 Earth days) takes two Mercurian years Long hot days (3 months at 427 C ) and cold nights (-173 C) No moons
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Fig. 22.10
Terrestrial Planets
Earth
3rd Planet from the Sun at 1.0 AU. Small, rocky, very few craters Nitrogen and Oxygen atmosphere, H2O clouds Global Oceans Wind, water and ice erosion Plate tectonics Warm ~ 4 C Significant magnetic field One large moon
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Terrestrial Planets
Earths Moon
Small, rocky Heavily cratered surface (~170 million craters) Large impact basins No atmosphere No magnetic field Only extra-terrestrial surface explored by man Rotation synchronized with orbit about Earth
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Figs. 22.3 and 22.8
Terrestrial Planets
Mars
4th Planet from Sun at 1.5 AU 50% Diameter of Earth Rocky, rust colour [FeO in surface rocks] A few craters Past geological activity Volvanoes, rivers, canyons Thin CO2 atmosphere Polar CO2 ice Caps H2O Clouds and Snow Cold ~ - 55 C No magnetic field Two small moons (captured asteroids)
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Figs. 22.13 and 22.14
Asteroid Belt
Asteroids
Small irregular shaped rock fragments Circular orbits between Mars and Jupiter; from 2.2 AU - 3.3 AU (i.e., 1.1 AU wide) typical diameter is < 50 km ~ 1 million with diameters > 1 km 26 with diameter > 200 km Two largest: Pallas ~560 km and Ceres 940 km ( a dwarf planet - see below) Space debris left over from formation of the Sun and planets. Total mass is less than 0.1% of Earths mass.
Gaspra
Deimos Phobos
Dactyl Ida
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Other Asteroids
Apollo asteroids Trojans
Trojan asteroids
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Jovian Planets
Jupiter
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5th planet from the Sun, at 5 AU. Largest and most massive planet Comprised mostly of a hydrogen and helium atmosphere, with a small rocky core about the size of Earth What we see are clouds at the top of Jupiters enormous atmosphere. 63 moons and 3 faint dust rings circling about its equator 4 large Galilean moons.
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Volcano on Io
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Jovian Planets
Saturn
6th planet from the Sun, at 9.5 AU, and the 2nd Largest Comprised mostly of a hydrogen and helium atmosphere, with a small rocky core about the size of Earth We see the cloud tops of Saturns enormous atmosphere. Encircled by thousands of bright (reflective) rings made up of billions of small chunks of ice, 2 10 cm in diameter. 56 moons. 1 large moon, Titan, has an atmosphere similar to early Earth.
Fig. 22.22
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Jovian Planets
Uranus
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7th planet from the Sun, at 19 AU Blue methane clouds Tilted over on its side by an early collision 13 equatorial rings of water-ice particles with diameters from 20 cm to 20 m. 27 moons
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Jovian Planets
Neptune
8th and farthest planet from the Sun, at 30 AU. - ~ same size as Uranus - Blue methane cloud tops - 13 moons. Triton has an atmosphere and volcanoes erupting ices(!) of water, methane and ammonia. - 5 faint equatorial rings, comprised of fine dark dust (like the rings of Jupiter) 27
Dwarf Planets
Pluto, former 9th planet
Charon
Pluto
Front side
Back side
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To Be or Not to Be a Planet
Definition of a Planet
1. Large enough to be rounded by its own self gravitational forces 2. Not a satellite of another object in the Solar System 3. Has cleared its orbit of space debris
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To Be or Not to Be a Planet
Definition of a Dwarf Planet
1. Large enough to be rounded by its own self gravitational forces.
Pluto
2. Not a satellite of another object in the Solar System. 3. Has NOT cleared its orbit of space debris.
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Fig. 22.28
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