Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OCR
OCR stands for Optical character recognition
It is the process of translating scanned images of typewritten text into machineeditable information
Process involves analyzing the content and
recognizing the identity of any character contained in a digitized image and returning its information.
PROCESSES INVOLVED
1.CLASSIFICATION a. Training Preprocessing Feature extraction Model estimation b.Recognition (testing) Preprocessing Feature extraction classification
PREPROCESSING
It involves Binarisation Morphological operators segmentation
BINARISATION
Converts a grey level TIFF (8 bit) image to
binary image.
Histogram based gloproachbal threshold
approach
Helps in segregating background from text.
ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION PROBLEMS
2. SKEW CORRECTION
Determining the degree of skewness
SEGEMENTATION
Basic idea:- dissect the image of a line of text
into location between characters, i.e. , character breaks. Character break depends upon: Font Type sizes Printing quality
TYPE OF SEGEMENTATION
Bottom up
Top down
mixed
BOTTOM UP APPROACH
Segmentation starts with individual letters on a page, then based on text layout conventions, groups
margins surrounding each region. The page can be subdivided into regions depending on white spaces in the document.
PROBLEMS IN SEGMENTATION
OVER SEGMENTATION Dot matrix printing or insufficient inks Characters tend to be fragmental UNDER SEGMENTATION Ink smudging Small fonts Signatures
BACKGROUND NOISE
Textual Noise
Non-Textual Noise
Extraneous symbols from Black Borders. Speckles. the neighboring page. Hand Written Material.
TEXTUAL NOISE
NOISE REMOVAL Page frame Rectangular region enclosing all the foreground pixels in the document image. Parameters : Size Aspect Ratio Limitations: Fail if characters from adjacent page are present.
CONCLUSION
OCR is useful in converting type written text into machine editable format which can be further processed as per requirements. Digitization of Libraries. Digitization of old manuscripts. Helpful for visually challenged .