A STUDY OF THE LIFE AND SELECTED WORKS OF SANTIAGO CALLATRAVA.

ARC 601(CONTEMPORARY PROCESSES IN ARCHITECTURE).

BY

CHUKWUJINDU KOSISOCHUKWU .E.

I.D NO:1901110001

INTRODUCTION
Santiago Callatrava is a renowned Architect and Sculptor. He was born Santiago Calatrava Valls, born 28 July 1951). He is a Spanish Architect, Sculptor and

Structural Engineer whose principal

office is in Zrich, Switzerland. Classed now among the elite

designers of the world, he has

offices in Zrich, Paris, Valencia, and New York City.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at understanding the Architectural style and character of his profession with a view to learn the processes involved in contemporary Architecture and to inspire the younger Architects.

We commence by a brief look at his early life and education. Then we shall
consider his career,the works he has done and those that are yet to be completed.then we shall go on to select three of his architectural pieces which we shall study.taking note of the concepts on which he designed them, and how they were achieved. Innovations in the field of technology shall be highlighted and structural design shall be borne in mind as we explore the works.

Finally we shall draw a conclusion from the study rendering relevant

references where necessary.

EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION..1

Calatrava was born in Benimmet, an old municipality now integrated as an urban part of Valencia, Spain, where he pursued his undergraduate architecture degree at the Polytechnic University of Valencia[1] along with a post-graduate course in urbanism.

During his schooldays, he also undertook independent projects with a group of fellow students, bringing out two

books on the vernacular

architecture of Valencia and Ibiza.[1]

EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION..2

Following graduation in 1975, he enrolled
in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zrich, Switzerland, for graduate work in civil engineering. In 1981, after completing his doctoral thesis, "On the Foldability of Space Frames", he started his Architecture and Engineering practice.

CAREER AND STYLE1

Calatrava's early career was largely dedicated to bridges and train stations, whose designs

elevated the status of civil engineering projects

to new heights. Calatrava's style has been heralded as bridging the division between

structural engineering and

Architecture. In the projects, he continues a tradition of Spanish modernist engineering that includes Flix Candela and Antonio Gaud.

CAREER AND STYLE2

His Architectural style is considered very personal and

derives from numerous

studies of the human body and the natural world.

OUTSTANDING WORKS
Montjuic Communications toweq Lyon-Saint Exupeqy Aiqpoqt Railway station

Auditoqio de Teneqife, spain. Milwaukee aqt museum,Milwau kee,Wisconsin , U.S.A(2001) TGV Tqain Station, .

Liege,

Belgium.

However for the purpose of this study, we shall consider only three of his Architectural pieces and try to analyse and understand the Architectural Concepts at play.

The three works we shall study are;

Auditorio de Tenerife, Canary islands, Spain.(2003).

Milwaukee art museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A(2001). Sondika Airport, Bilbao, Spain.(2000).

They have been selected on basis of recentness of work and peculiarity of form. They shall be treated under the following headings;

Brief history. Architectural concept. Structural features. Innovations.

Interior Spaces.

1.0

Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A(2001).

1.0

MILWAUKEE ART MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, U.S.A(2001).

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY

The Milwaukee art museum(MAM) is located at 700 N. Art Museum Drive, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. Originally designed by Eero Saarinen, the museum is home to over 25,000 works of art.
Its permanent holdings contain an

important collection of Old

Masters and 19th-century and 20th-century artwork, as well as some of the nation's best collections of German Expressionism, folk and Haitian art, American decorative arts, and post-1960 American art.

1.2 FLOOR PLAN

Main level

1.3 BUILDING LAYOUT

1.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

The design of the museum draws ideas from an airplane

which is poised to soar away in the breeze1. While the

Burke Brise Soleil has a wingspan comparable to that of a Boeing 747-400, its two ultrasonic wind sensors automatically close the wings if the wind speed reaches 23 mph or greater. Unlike the airplane, the Museum prefers to remain on the ground.

Calatrava,was inspired by the dramatic, original building by Eero Saarinen, the topography of the city and Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie-style architecture.1

1.5 STRUCTURAL FEATURES; PAVILION

A cable-stayed pedestrian bridge featuring a steeply-raked pylon and boomerang abutment spans 230 feet across a major thoroughfare, connecting Milwaukees downtown with the waterfront. The 192-foot-long pylon supports the 10 major spans of the bridge through 9 locked-coil cables and 18 back stay cables.

The cable-stayed bridge pylon and the Quadracci Pavilions building spine are aligned on the same axis and are inclined 48.36 degrees toward the Pavilion.

1.5 STRUCTURAL FEATURES;

PAVILION

The mildly-reinforced concrete pavilion supports the back stay beam and east pier of the pedestrian bridge, as well as the A-frames and building spine that in turn

support the moveable Burke Brise-Soleil.[3]

1.5 STRUCTURAL FEATURES; PAVILION

The 100-space underground parking structure features radius-bent, reinforced steel bars and uniform, hand-bent stirrups.

The project responds to the

culture of the lake: the sailboats,

the weather, the sense of motion and change.

1.6 INNOVATIONS
The structure contains a movable, wing-like brise soleil which opens up for a wingspan of 217 feet during the day, folding over the tall, arched structure at night or during inclement weather.

The Burke Brise Soleil is a moveable, wing-like sunscreen that rests on top of the Museums vaulted, glassenclosed Windhover Hall. The wings open MondaySunday at 10 a.m. with the Museum, close/reopen at noon, and close again with the Museum at 5 p.m.; except on Thursdays when the Museum closes at 8 p.m. This schedule is, however, subject to change without advance notice due to weather, special events,

1.7 INTERIORS..

The inside is just as beautiful as the outside. White marble floors and white walls allow for the self-similar dramatic arches, views and artwork to stand out.2

1.7 INTERIORS..

The halls chancel is shaped like the prow of a ship, with floor-to-ceiling windows looking over Lake Michigan.

1.8 SUMMARY..

The MAM recently gained international recognition

with the construction of the

white concrete Quadracci Pavilion, designed by Santiago Calatrava (his first

completed project in the

United States), which opened on May 4, 2001.

According to Santiago Calatrava, in the crowning element of the brise soleil, the buildings form is at once formal (completing the composition), functional (controlling the level of light), symbolic (opening to welcome visitors), and iconic (creating a memorable image for the Museum and the city).

2.0

SONDIKA AIRPORT BILBAO,SPAIN

2.0

SONDIKA AIRPORT BILBAO,SPAIN

2.1

BRIEF HISTORY..

Sondika Bilbao Airport, designed by Santiago Calatrava, opened to traffic on November 19, 2000.

Bilbao Airport is a public airport located 9 km (5.6 mi) north[1] of Bilbao, in the municipality of Loiu, in the Basque Country. It is the most important airport of the Basque Country and northern Spain, with 4,172,903 passengers on 2008 . It is famous for its new main terminal opened in 2000 and designed by Santiago Calatrava.

2.1

SITE PLAN..

2.2

FLOOR PLAN..

2.3

SECTIONS..

2.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

The terminal has a sleek design, with two symmetrical

"wings" and a sharp tip at its center which is specially

visible when approaching the terminal from the sides. This original design has granted the building the nickname of

"La Paloma" ("The Dove").

2.5 STRUCTURAL FEATURES..

The passengers reach the aircrafts by way of the Departure Hall, a soaring structure awash with daylight, and the four-storey Departure Gallery beyond that connects to the concourse,an aluminium wing reminiscent of an aircraft skin, that contain twelve passenger terminal gates.

2.5 STRUCTURAL FEATURES..

The Departure Hall, with its ribbed concrete wings, is clear of visual clutter. Struts and wires cast changing patterns of striated shadows on the walls and granite floor.

2.5 STRUCTURAL FEATURES..

Concrete hinge pillars are used in line with steel frames that are connected with the use of joints for structural stability.

2.6 INNOVATIONS
Among the innovations are the expansion of the airfield by 500m, enabling the airport to increase its payload operations, and the construction of a new control tower, significantly improving the airport's control facilities. As well as its utilitarian value, the new control tower adds an aesthetic counterpoint to the terminal building. Throughout the development, considerable care and attention has been paid to the surrounding area and environment.

2.6 INNOVATIONS
The layout was designed to limit the impact of auxiliary buildings on the vista of the main building. An elegant four-storey parking structure, with a skylit walkway leading to the Terminal Building, is tucked into a grassy embankment. The entrance to the passenger hall in the new terminal building is 140m long and the hall has a height of 20m. The distance from the entrance to the apron is 26m.

2.7 INTERIORS..1

oReceotion hall

2.7 INTERIORS..2

Ample light is admitted with the use of fanciful skylighting.

2.8 SUMMARY..

There has been some criticism of Santiago Calatrava's design by

Aena, the Spanish airport

authority, because it seems difficult to make further enlargements in the terminal's

capacity because the design is too

closed.

Basques using the airport widely complain about its lack of an arrivals area, since once passengers clear customs, they step directly outside. However, there is a dramatic viewing gallery raised above the baggage reclaim area, where those waiting to greet passengers can wait and watch as they collect their baggage and leave the terminal. There is often waving and

excitement as relatives or friends scan to see each other from the gallery, and the architect
cites this in defence of his design of the arrivals area.

3.0 AUDITORIO De TENERIFE, TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS,SPAIN.

3.0 AUDITORIO De TENERIFE, TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS,SPAIN.

3.1 BRIEF HISTORY..

The Auditorio de Tenerife "Adn Martn", was designed by Architect Santiago Calatrava Valls. It is located on the Avenue of the Constitution in the Canarian capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), and next to the Atlantic Ocean in the southern part of Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Its Construction began in 1997 and was completed in 2003. The auditorium has been graced by the presence of two prominent people;Felipe de Borbn, Prince of Asturias at its innaugration, and was later visited by former U.S. President Bill Clinton. The building is framed within the tenets of late-modern architecture of the late 20th century.

3.2 MODEL..3
The main hall/symphony hall (1,616 seating capacity) The Chamber Hall. (422 seating capacity)

Auxilliary spaces; dressing rooms, make-up etc.

3.2 MODEL..1
Exterior terrace 1

Exterior terrace 2

3.2 MODEL..2

3.3 ARCHITECT SKETCHES

3.3 ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

oThe building is framed within the tenets of late-modern architecture of the late 20th century.

oThe building takes after the resemblance of a sailing ship which complements the sea side position. It has been said to copy the guggenheim museum in form and even color.

oThe auditorium differs from traditional designs, attempting to surround the listener with sound sources.

3.4 STRUCTURAL FEATURESTHE WING

The overhanging wing was prefabricated in Seville and shipped to the island in 17 pieces, the largest weighing 60 tons (54,000 kilograms). They were similar to components more commonly used in bridges. The wing was lifted into place by a specially made crane from Valencia, which has a capacity of 2,400 tons (two million kilograms). The wing was designed to be supported on only five points. Once in place, it was filled with white concrete made locally from a combination of river sand brought from the Spanish peninsula and the coarser Tenerife sand. In all, 2000 tons (1.8 million kilograms) of concrete went into the building. Besides the dramatic wing, another Calatrava "signature" element is a mosaic of

trencadis, or broken white ceramics, which cover the structure's entire skin. The
194,000 square feet (18,000 square meters) of trencadis were brought in from

Valencia, Spain.

3.5 INNOVATIONS
oThe symphony hall has a "variable" acoustic system. Surface materials are solid pressed wood covered with fiberglass. This assembly has "windows" that open and close, exposing either the fiberglass material or the wood,

depending on the acoustical requirements of the event. The back walls of

the chamber music hall are covered with horizontal wood slats, with fiberglass behind them. oThe two performance halls are equipped with air-conditioning outlets below the seats. Cool air comes up from spaces below, eliminating the need for HVAC installations that would disturb the clean lines of the halls. The two halls are separated by a shared, open lobby that creates an acoustical separation so events can be held simultaneously in both.

3.6 INTERIORS..1

The chamber hall.

3.6 INTERIORS..2

The chamber hall2

3.6 INTERIORS..3

The Symphony Hall

3.7 SUMMARY
The building is normally lit in bright white at night, but more colorful lighting is used on special occasions. For example, on New Year 2007-2008 the auditorium was lit in white and yellow, and a clock was projected onto one wing of the building to mark the hours.
On World Diabetes Day, the auditorium

is illuminated in blue, and special lighting is

also employed during the annual Cadena Dial Awards. The auditorium also participates in "Earth Hour," a campaign against climate change in which large buildings "go dark" for an hour to draw awareness to the cause.

After the building's official opening in September, 2003, events already scheduled are as diverse as Handel's opera Julius Caesar and the International Water

Association Conference. In time, the building itself may become an event, bringing
architectural sightseers to Tenerife.

4.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

oCallatrava regularly traverses the lines between art and architecture; his buildings are frequently called sculptural, while his sculptures and paintings are like sketches of

buildings. some of his buildings take concepts from organic elements such as water, animals
like birds, and even the human body. Callatrava is known for his flowing, curved buildings. Which are exemplaries of fluid

fractals.He uses steel, concrete, and new computer modeling to create compositions that
appear at once natural and structurally impossible.

oIf form follows function was a rallying cry of modern architecture, Callatrava
postmodern structures turn this maxim on its head. His designs suggest stylized natural objectswaves, wings, or sun-bleached skeletons, with rows of white concrete ribs curved into distorted parabolic arches. The true purpose of these dramatic contours are typically

more aesthetic than structural.

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