Nechanics of Breathing Nechanics of Breathing Nechanics of Breathing Nechanics of Breathing

Dr. Nisreen Mansour Abo Dr. Nisreen Mansour Abo--elmaaty elmaaty

Remember from S1
%espiratory System
I- Peripheral Component
II- Central Component
Chest wall Muscles
& Diaphragm
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone
(gas exchange)
Respiratory centres in CNS
Regulating respiration
#espiratory System
%he Primary Function of Respiratory
System is Gas Exchange
%here are other functions of the lungs;
Acid-base balance
Defence mechanisms; filtration,
humidification, phagocytic macrophages
phonation
Metabolism of bioactive materials
Respiration can be divided into 2 main stages:
I- External Respiration; (ventilation + gas exchange)
II- Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration)
onducting Zone onducting Zone
Extends from .... To Extends from .... To
..... .....
Functions: Functions:




Respiratory Zone Respiratory Zone
Extends from Extends from
... To ... ... To ...
Function: Function:


%espiratory Nembrane %espiratory Nembrane
Mechanics of Breathing
Normal adult breathes about 12-16 breaths
or cycles/min
reathing cycle (3.7 sec) includes 2 phases
followed by a pause:
Inspiration; the flow of air from atmosphere
into the lungs
Expiration; the flow of air from lungs to
outside
Expiratory pause in-between cycles
Breathing CycIe
BoyIe's Law
Describing the relationship between volume of gases and
its pressure in a closed container stating that:
P1xV1P2XV2
So within a chamber,
as the volume of the chamber is increased the pressure of the
gas within it decreases & vice versa
So as the volume of chest increases by the contraction of
respiratory muscles, the pressure in the pleural sac
decreases pulling the lung with it . %his leads to a decrease
in intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure
driving air into alveoli.
Atmospheric
pressure
surrounding the
body =760 mm Hg
ntraalveolar or
intrapulmonary
pressure: pressure
within alveoli =
atmospheric = 0
mm Hg
ntra-Pleural
Pressure:
subatmospheric=
-4mm Hg
!ressures within thoracic cavity, at Rest
or puImonary ventiIation to occur
there shouId be a pressure gradient
driving air in & out
%he movement of air into & out of the lungs
(ventilation) occurs as a result of pressure
difference between the alveoli & environment
%he pressure differences in pulmonary system are
induced by changes in lung volumes occurring as a
result of coordinated movement of diaphragm &
chest
%he lung volumes are affected by its physical
properties; compliance, elasticity & surface
tension
Mechanism (mechanics) of Inspiration
Quiet Inspiration
Normal Quiet inspiration is an active
process as a result of contraction of the
diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
%he Diaphragm is the main muscle of
inspiration (75 of inspiratory act)
increase in the vertical diameter of thoracic
cavity
External intercostal muscles contraction
increase in the lateral dimensions of
thoracic cavity
MuscIes of Inspiration:
The Diaphragm & Ext. IntercostaI muscIes
ow the antero-IateraI voIume of thoracic cavity is
increased during inspiration?
Mechanism of Inspiration;
!ressure changes driving infIow of air
Mechanism (mechanics) of Inspiration
orced Inspiration
Forced inspiration is aided by accessory
muscles of inspiration;
sternomastoid (elevation of the sternum)
scalene muscles (elevation of upper ribs)
Mechanism (mechanics) of Expiration
Quiet Expiration
Normal Quiet expiration is a passive process (no
muscle action)
occurring as a result of:
relaxation of muscles of inspiration
Elastic recoil of the lungs
Descent of thoracic cage by gravity
eading to decrease in volume of the chest
decrease in volume of the lungs increase in
intrapulmonary pressure to be greater than
atmospheric pressure (+1mm Hg) pressure
gradient rush of air out of the lungs
Mechanism of Quiet Expiration
!ressure changes driving air out
Mechanism of Expiration
orced Expiration
Forced expiration is an active process
caused by contraction of muscles of forced
expiration; abdominal & internal
intercostal muscles
Contraction of these muscles leads to
greater decrease in chest & lung volume
greater pressure gradient between
intrapulmonary & atmospheric P leading to
more air moving out of the lungs
!ressure ReIationship during Breathing CycIe
I! !ressure changes during Breathing CycIe
IPP values;
-4 mm Hg at end of normal
expiration.
-6 mm Hg during normal
inspiration.
-3 during normal expiration
+30 mm Hg during forced
expiration
Causes of -ve IPP:
- Minimal volume of air &
fluid in pleural cavity
- Elastic recoil of lung
The change in Lung volume during
breathing is affected by:
Elastic recoil of the lungs
Compliance
EIastic recoiI of the Iungs
It is the tendency of the lung to return to its
original volume when stretched
Contributes to
occurrence of expiration
negativity of IPP
Due to:
1- elastic fibres; elastin + collagen fibres (responsible
for 1/3 of recoil)
2- surface tension of fluid lining alveoli (responsible
for 2/3 of recoil)
%his tendency to recoil (tendency to resist distension)
is reduced by presence of Surfactant
hat do u know about surfactant?
What is its nature?
Formed by what?
ts significance?
Reduced in which
conditions?
CompIiance
Compliance is a measure of the ease of inflation of
the lungs (measure of distensibility) & chest
ung Compliance is measured as the change in
lung volume for a certain change in
%ranspulmonary pressure (%ranspulmonary
pressure alveolar P-IPP)
Normal ung compliance 200 ml/ 1cm H
2
O
pressure
When a small change in pressure causes a large
change in volume, this is expressed as a highly
compliant lung
CompIiance
ung compliance is reduced by factors that
reduce distension e.g. pulmonary fibrosis,
pulmonary oedema, reduced surfactant
Chest compliance is reduced in: obesity,
chest wall deformities
$ummary in Figures
ung Volume & Pressure Changes During
reathing Cycle
REV$E
Explain the mechanics oI inspiration
Describe Pressure changes in thoracic cavity
during respiratory cycle
Which of the following is the first branching
of the bronchial tree that has gas exchanging
capabilities?
A. Terminal bronchioles.
B. Respiratory bronchioles.
C. Alveoli
D. segmental bronchi
E. alveolar ducts.
ne Best Answer
Which of the following is NO% an effector of
respiration?
A. Heart
B. diaphragm
C. intercostals
D. Trapezius.
Which of the following does NO% happen
during inspiration?
a. The ribs move upward.
b. The diaphragm liIts up.
c. The antero-posterior dimensions oI the chest
are increased.
d. The tranverse dimensions oI the thorax are
increased.
e. The scalene and sternocleidomastoid
muscles can be recruited Ior inspiration.
During inspiration, how does alveolar
pressure compare to atmospheric pressure?
a. Alveolar pressure is greater than
atmospheric.
b. Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric.
c. Alveolar pressure is the same as
atmospheric.
d. Alveolar pressure is one oI the Iew
pressures where the reIerence pressure is not
atmospheric.
Which of the following represents the
pressure difference that acts to distend the
lungs?
a. Alveolar pressure
b. Airway opening pressure
c. Transthoracic pressure
d. Transpulmonary pressure
e. Esophageal pressure.
II a patient had a progressive lung disease that
required an ever increasing pressure to Iill the
same volume oI lung, how would the lung's
compliance be aIIected?
a. It would increase it.
b. It would stay the same.
c. It would decrease it.
d. These variables do not aIIect lung
compliance.
Which of the following is NO% true
concerning respiratory distress syndrome in
premature infants?
a. Their ability to synthesize DPPC is limited.
b. Higher pressures are required to ventilate
the lungs.
c. Lung compliance is low.
d. Alveoli tend to overexpand and sometimes
burst at the end oI inspiration.
THANK U