DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Dr. BYRI PRABHAKAR
Designation : Sr. Lecturer
Branch : D.C.C.P
Institute : SRRS Govt. Polytechnic,
Sircilla
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Quantitative Techniques-II
Subject Code : CCP403
Topic : Matrices
Duration : 50 Mts
Sub Topic : Determinant of 2x2 Matrix,
Minors, Co-factors
Teaching aids : PPT, Animations
CCP403.71 1
Objectives :

On completion of this period, you would be able

to know:

 The Determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix

 The Minors & Co-factors of elements in a square
matrix

CCP403.71 2
Recap :

In the last class we have learnt

 The Transpose of Matrices

 The properties of transposed matrix
 The symmetric matrix i.e. A = AT
 The Skew Symmetric Matrix i.e. AT = -A

CCP403.71 3
Known to Unknown :
What is transpose of a Matrix ?
 A Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns
of a matrix
What is symmetric matrix
 If a square matrix is equal to its transpose is called
the symmetric matrix
What is skew symmetric matrix
 If the transpose of a square matrix is equal to its
additive inverse i.e. AT = -A is called skew symmetric
matrix
CCP403.71 4
Determinant of A 2 X 2 Matrix :

The determinant of a 2 x 2 square matrix is a

unique number obtained by computing

 The product of two elements of principal diagonal

minus the product of elements of other diagonal.
 It is denoted by A or ‘det A’

CCP403.71 5
  a b a b
Ex : If A =   det A = A = c d
= ad-bc
 c d

 2 3
Ex : 1) If A = 
 4 1 
2 3
det A = A = = 2x1 - 3x4 = 10
4 1
 3 2
Ex: 2) If A =  
 4 5 
3 2
det A = A =
4 5 = 3x5 – 4x2 = 7

CCP403.71 6
Minor of an Element in A Square
Matrix :

In a 2 x 2 Square Matrix
 The minor of an element is the remaining
number excluding the row and column
containing that element
 In other words, the minor of an element is the
diagonally opposite number of that element

CCP403.71 7
Minor of a Matrix contd

 Ex : A =  a b
 
 c d
The minor of a = d which is remaining after
excluding the row a, b and
column a, c of a or opposite to a
The minor of b = c
The minor of c = b
The minor of d = a

CCP403.71 8
Minor of an Element of 3 X 3 Matrix :

 Minor of an element is the determinant obtained

from the remaining 2x2 matrix excluding the row and
column containing that elements
 a1 a2 a3 
 
Let A =  b1 b2 b3 
 c c2 c3 
 1 

CCP403.71 9
The Minor of the Elements :
b2 b3
a1 = i.e. = b2c3 – c2b3
c2 c3

a1 a 3
b2 =
c1 c3 i.e. = a1c3-c1a3

a1 a2
c3 = b b 2 i.e. = a1b2 – b1a2
1

CCP403.71 10
Minor of a Matrix contd
 1 2 3
 Ex 3 : Let A =  4 5 6  find the minors of
 
 7 8 9  all elements
 

Sol :
5 6
Minor of 1 = = 45-48 = -3
8 9

4 6
2= = 36-42 = -6
7 9

4 5
3= = 32-35 = -3
7 8

CCP403.71 11
Minor of a Matrix contd

4 = 2 3 = 18 - 24 = -6
8 9

5 = 1 3 = 9 – 21 = -12
7 9

6 = 1 2 = 8 – 14 = -6
7 8

CCP403.71 12
Minor of a Matrix contd

7 = 2 3 = 12 – 15 = -3
5 6

8 = 1 3 = 6 – 12 = -6
4 6

9 = 1 2 = 5–8 = -3
4 5

CCP403.71 13
Co-factor of an Element in A Square
Matrix :

 Co-factor of an element is the minor of that

element multiplied by (-1)i + j where i, j are the row
& column of that element
 The cofactor of an element which is in the i-th
row and j-th column is equal to its minor
multiplied by (-1)i + j

CCP403.71 14
Co-factor of a Matrix

Let A = a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

Co-factor of a12 is A12 = (-1)1+2 a21 a23

a31 a33

= - (a21a33 – a31a23)

Co-factor of a23 is A23= (-1) 2+3 a11 a12

a31 a32
CCP403.71 15
 Co-factor of a Matrix

 Ex 4: A = 4 -3 2 find the co-factor of

1 5 3 elements 4, 5, 6,
0 6 7

The co-factor of 4 = (-1)1+1 5 3 = +(35-18) = 17

6 7
“ 5 = (-1)2+2 4 2 = +(28-0) = 28
0 7
“ 6 = (-1)3+2 4 2 = -(12-2) = -10
1 3
Also find out co-factors of other elements

CCP403.71 16
Co-factor of a Matrix

 In simple terms the co-factor is the same as

their minor, but the sign for the following
elements, which are shown with arrows, is
changed

A 2 4 5 2 4
1 3 4 5 6
8 6 7

CCP403.71 17
Summary :
 In this period we have discussed
Determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix i.e. A
if A = a b A = ad – bc
c d
 The minor of elements of a 2 x2 matrix
The remaining no. excluding the row & column
containing that element i.e., the diagonally opposite
element
If A = a b the minor of a = d
c d b=c
c=b
d=a
CCP403.71 18
Summary contd

The minor of an element in 3 x 3 matrix

 The determinant obtained from the rows & columns
excluding the row & column containing that element
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

I = 5 6 = 5 x 9 – 8 x 6 = -3
8 9
The cofactors of an element in a square matrix is its
minor multiplied by (-1)i+j where i is the row and j is
the column of the element

CCP403.71 19
Quiz

1. The determinant p q is ________

r s

b) ps - rq
c) rq – ps
d) pq – rs
e) rs – pq

CCP403.71 20
Quiz

2. The minor of element a in a b is

c d
a) ad – bc
b) d
c) bc – ad
d) b

CCP403.71 21
Quiz

3. The minor of an element in 3 x 3 matrix is the

determinant of remaining rows & columns
excluding the row and column containing the
element

True
False

CCP403.71 22
Quiz

4. The cofactor of 6 in 5 4 2 is
3 8 6
2 1 2
a) -3
b) 3
c) 5
d) 8

CCP403.71 23
Frequently Asked Questions :
1. Find the minors of 2 and -1 in the matrix 1 2 4
5 -6 3
0 7 -1

2. Find the cofactors of elements of 8 3

-2 4

8. Write down the minor of ‘4’ in the matrix : 2 3 4

5 7 9
1 0 6

CCP403.71 24
Frequently Asked Questions :

4. What are the minors of 3 and -2 of the matrix

1 0 -2
3 -1 2
4 5 6

CCP403.71 25
Assignment :
1. Find the determinant of 8 4
2 3
2. Find the minors of all elements in 1 2 3
4 5 0
6 -1 7
3. Find the co-factors of the above matrix.
7. Know the differences in the minors & cofactors of
above matrix.
8. Write down the value of the determinant of the matrix
1 -2
3 4
CCP403.71 26