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These materials don't possess permanent dipole and

hence the magnetic effects are small


Since the induced magnetic moment always oppose the
applied field, the diamagnetic susceptibility is negative.
It is always temperature independent.
Diamagnetic materials usually repel the magnetic line of
force.
Summary Diamagnetism
e.g.: Bi, H
2
O, CO
2
, Ge, Si etc.
Material = (
r
-1)

Cu -9.5x10
-6
Al2O3 -5.0x10
-6
Au -3.7x10
-5
Ge -0.8x10
-5
Si -0.3x10
-5
Se -1.7x10
-5
He -0.5x10
-5

Para-magnetism
B>B
0
, _ is positive,
r
>1, .
The permanent magnetic moment results from
the following contributions:
1. The spin or intrinsic moments of the electrons.
2. The orbital motion of the electrons.
3. The spin magnetic moment of the nucleus.

A form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence
of externally applied magnetic field and materials are
attracted to magnetic field.
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is observed in:
1. Metals
2. Atoms and molecules possessing an odd number of
electrons, that is free sodium atoms, gaseous nitric
oxide etc.
3. A few compounds having an even number of electrons
(example Oxygen molecule)
4. Free atoms or ions having a partially filled inner shell
e.g. rare earth and actinide elements, ions of some
transition elements such as Mn
2+

Manganese, platinum, tungsten, some members of
rare earth group and ions formed by removing and
adding electrons to basic atoms there by creating
unpaired spins.
Basic assumptions of
Langevins classical theory
The theory considers the paramagnetic solids in
terms of paramagnetic gas, in which each particle
is assumed to bear a permanent magnetic moment
.
Mutual interaction between dipoles is assumed to
be negligible.
Orientation of permanent magnetic dipole moment.
Classical Theory of Paramagnetism
T
C
= _
Curies law :
) ( u
_

=
T
C
Curie-Weiss law :
. Langavins analysis
. Temperature dependence of paramagnetism
- Paramagnetism has net magnetic moments:
No field : M=0
Field is applied, low Temp.
B
Field is applied, and High Temp.
B
T
_
Classical Theory of Paramagnetism
:(vector)
u cos B
EP
=
The Magnetization(M) =The total magnetic moments per unit volume
}
}
=
t
u
t
u
u u
u u u
0
cos
0
cos
sin
cos sin
d
e
d
e
n
a
a
}
=
n
dn M
0
cosu
} }
= =
n
a
d
e
K dn n
0 0
cos
sin 2
t
u
u u t
}
=
t
u
u u u t
0
cos
cos sin 2 d
e
K
a
}
=
t
u
u u
t
0
cos
sin
2
d
n
K
e
a
B
. Langavin Function
Let dn be the number of moments inclined at an angle between u & u+du
When no field is applied dn dA (solid angle)
When field is applied dn is proportional to dA x Boltzmann factor

. ) sin(
cos
exp 2 exp u u
u
t d
kT
B
K
kT
E
KdA dn
p
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
}
}
=

a
a n
a
e e
e e
n
dx
e
dx
e
x n
a a
a a
ax
ax
1
coth
1
1
1
1
1

u u
u
d dx
x
sin
cos
=
=
a
a
M
M 1
coth
0
=
n
M
=
0
Langavin function :
+ =
945
2
45 3
) (
5 3
a a
a
a L
T
B
a
k

=
Conclusions from Langavin function:
1. Saturation will occur if a is large enough.
Large B or low T is necessary
2. At small a, the magnetization M varies linearly with B.
. Relationship between Langavin theory and Curies law
For small a, L(a)=a/3=B/3kT, M=M
0
L(a)
.
.
3
,
3
2
0
2
0 0
kT B f or valid
const Curie
k
n
C where
T
C
kT
n
B
M
H M
<<
= =
= = =
=



_
_
is called paramagnetic volume susceptibility, n is number density.
Mass susceptibility :
kg Number
m Number
N
N
m
m
/
/
,
3
= = =

_
_
Molecular Susceptibility :
N should be replaced by N
A
Understand some more formulae from S.O.Pillai
for Numerical
Note:
. Curie-Weiss law; Wiess Theory of Paramagnetism:
Lengevins theory failed to explain the complicated
type of dependence of susceptibility upon
temperature exhibited by many paramagnetic
substances
e.g. Compressed & cooled gases
Solid salts & crystals etc.
Moreover, this theory does not throw light on the intimate
relationship between para & ferromagnetic materials
To overcome these problems, the concept of
intermolecular field was introduced by Weiss, on
assuming the mutual influence of magnetic moments.
Molecular field (H
i
) :
The interaction of elementary moments with one another
Let this internal molecular field H
i
be represented
in terms of its own magnetization
H
i
= M

- molecular field coefficient
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
. Quantum theory and Classical theory
u cos B
E
P
=
Classical theory : The energy of a system is varied continuously.
=All values of angle are possible.
Quantum theory : The change of energy is discrete i.e is discrete


=
u u u
u
3 2 1
, ,
u
u
L
m
l
=+l
m
l
= - l
B
The component of in the direction of the applied field
eff

B
J
H
M
g =
M
J
: Quantum number associated with J
J, J-1, J-2, -(J-2), -(J-1), -J
J : Integer or half-integer of 1/2
The effective moments( )

eff
Oe erg J J
mc
eh
g
eff
/ ) 1 (
4
+ =
t

B
J J g ) 1 ( + =
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
. Brillouin function
- The procedure of derivation is the same as Langavin, except that.
(1)

(2)
u
B
J
H
M
g = cos


}

J
J
J
M
du
t
) (
0
H
M
g
E
B
J P
=
Boltzmann factor =
e e
kT H
M
g kT
E
B
J P
/ /
=

M = (n atoms per unit volume)


(The average magnetic moment resolved in the direction of the field

=
J
J
kT H g
J
J
kT H g
B
J
e
e M
B
J
B
J
M
M
g
n
/
/

)
`


|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
J
a
J J
J
J
J
ngM
a
B
J
2
`
coth
2
1
2
1 2
coth
2
1 2 `

kT
H
kT
H gM
a
H B
J

= = `
,
A special case
If
kT
J J
kT H g M
B
B J
3
) 1 ( g
then
If
2 2
+
=
<<

= M/H

0

Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
When a` is small,
`) , (
3
) 1 `(
`) , (
a J B ngJ M
J
J a
a J B
B
=
+
=
kT
H n
eff
3
2

=
T
C
AkT
N
H
M
eff
= = = =
3
2


k
_
Ak
N
C
eff
3
2

=
X =?
For detail expressions follow S.O. Pillai book
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
J
a
J
a
J
J
J
J
M
M
2
`
coth
2
1
2
1 2
coth
2
1 2
`
0

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
Brillouin function, B(J,a)
1) If J = infinite, B(J,a`) =
`
1
` coth
a
a

) ( ) , ( a L a J B =
2) If J=1/2(only spin contribution),
` tanh a`) B(J,
0
a
M
M
= =
. Paramagnetic materials
atoms or ions which have a net magnetic moment
because of noncancellation of the spin and orbital component.
Salts of the transition elements
- Incomplete inner shells
- Magnetic moments due almost to spin(g 2)
- This metal salts obey the Curie or Curie-Weiss law with a small
~
Salts and oxides of the rare earths
Rare-earth elements

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