.

Curie-Weiss law; Wiess Theory of Paramagnetism:

Lengevins theory failed to explain the complicated
type of dependence of susceptibility upon
temperature exhibited by many paramagnetic
substances
e.g. Compressed & cooled gases
Solid salts & crystals etc.
Moreover, this theory does not throw light on the intimate
relationship between para & ferromagnetic materials
To overcome these problems, the concept of
intermolecular field was introduced by Weiss, on
assuming the mutual influence of magnetic moments.
Molecular field (H
i
) :
The interaction of elementary moments with one another
Let this internal molecular field H
i
be represented
in terms of its own magnetization
H
i
= M

- molecular field coefficient
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
. Quantum theory and Classical theory
u cos B
E
P
=
Classical theory : The energy of a system is varied continuously.
=All values of angle are possible.
Quantum theory : The change of energy is discrete i.e is discrete


=
u u u
u
3 2 1
, ,
u
u
L
m
l
=+l
m
l
= - l
B
The component of in the direction of the applied field
eff

B
J
H
M
g =
M
J
: Quantum number associated with J
J, J-1, J-2, -(J-2), -(J-1), -J
J : Integer or half-integer of 1/2
The effective moments( )

eff
Oe erg J J
mc
eh
g
eff
/ ) 1 (
4
+ =
t

B
J J g ) 1 ( + =


-
. Paramagnetic materials
atoms or ions which have a net magnetic moment
because of noncancellation of the spin and orbital component.
Salts of the transition elements
- Incomplete inner shells
- Magnetic moments due almost to spin(g 2)
- This metal salts obey the Curie or Curie-Weiss law with a small (or T
c
)

~
Salts and oxides of the rare earths
Rare-earth elements
Magnetic Domains
A magnetic domain is a
region in which the
magnetic fields of
atoms are grouped
together and aligned.
Q. How many domains are
there in the picture
shown in the right side.



Magnetic Domains
Magnetic material contain
domains.
All the unit cells within a phase
have the same arrangements of
atoms.
At high temperature the
magnetic dipoles of individual
atoms are oriented at random.
Below Curie temperature a
coupling develops between the
magnetic dipoles of adjacent
atoms. This coupling produces
domain.
Magnetic Domains
If a crystal is placed in an
external magnetic field those
domains that match that
polarity will grow at the
expenses of the adjacent
unfavorably oriented domains.
A single large domain would
appear to be favored.
For Domains to grow domain
boundaries must move.
Ferromagnetic Materials
Ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel
and cobalt and compounds containing these
elements.
Regions of many atoms with aligned dipole
moments called domains form.
In the absence of applied magnetic field, each
atom has very strong magnetic dipole
moments due to uncompensated electron
spins.
In the absence of applied magnetic field, the
domains are randomly oriented so that the net
macroscopic magnetization is zero.

Ferromagnetic Materials
(Contd)
In the presence of an applied magnetic
field, the domains align themselves with
the applied field.
The effect is a very strong one with _
m
>>
0 and
r
>> 1.
Ferromagnetic materials are strongly
attracted to either pole of a magnet.

Ferromagnetic Materials
(Contd)
In ferromagnetic materials:
the permeability is much larger than the
permeability of free space
the permeability varies non-linearly
the permeability depends on the previous
history of the material
Ferromagnetic Materials
(Contd)
In ferromagnetic materials, the relationship B = H
can be illustrated by means of a magnetization curve
(also called hysteresis loop).
B
H
coercivity
remanence
(retentivity)
Ferromagnetic Materials
(Contd)
Remanence (retentivity) is the value of B
when H is zero.
Coercivity is the value of H when B is zero.
The hysteresis phenomenon can be used to
distinguish between two states.
Hard and Soft magnets
Easy domain boundary movements are
required to provide the low remanance
and coercive field necessary for soft
magnets.
Hard Magnets are designed with
microstructures that impede domain
boundary movements.