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SemesLer S? 20102011
PlS1C8? Cl CCMu1L8S
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CompuLer Age
The Shamanistic
Tradition
1he sLarL of Lhe modern sclence called CompuLer Sclence" can be Lraced back
Lo a long ago age where man sLlll dwelled ln caves or ln Lhe foresL and llved ln
groups for proLecLlon and survlval from Lhe elemenLs on Lhe LarLh Many
rellglous ceremonles were performed Lhe shaman's needed Lo be able Lo counL
Lhe days or Lo Lrack Lhe seasons lrom Lhe shamanlsLlc LradlLlon man developed
Lhe flrsL prlmlLlve counLlng mechanlsmscounLlng noLches on sLlcks or marks on
walls
SLonehenge whlch lles 13km norLh of Sallsbury Lngland ls belleved Lo have been
an anclenL form of calendar deslgned Lo capLure Lhe llghL from Lhe summer solsLlce
ln a speclflc fashlon ArcheologlsLs and anLhropologlsLs Loday are noL qulLe cerLaln
how Lhe sLrucLure belleved Lo have been bullL abouL 2800 8C came Lo be erecLed
slnce Lhe Lechnology requlred Lo [oln LogeLher Lhe glanL sLones and ralse Lhem
uprlghL seems Lo be beyond Lhe Lechnologlcal level of Lhe 8rlLons aL Lhe Llme
8egardless of Lhe ldenLlLy of Lhe bullders lL remalns Loday a monumenL Lo mans
lnLense deslre Lo counL and Lo Lrack Lhe occurrences of Lhe physlcal world around
hlm
Primitive CaIendar
Primitive CaIcuIator
Meanwhlle ln Asla Lhe Chlnese were becomlng very lnvolved ln commerce
wlLh Lhe !apanese lndlans and koreans 8uslnessmen needed a way Lo Lally
accounLs and bllls Somehow ouL of Lhls need Lhe abacus was born 1he
abacus ls Lhe flrsL Lrue precursor Lo Lhe addlng machlnes and compuLers
whlch would follow
orefathers of Computing
The irst MechanicaI CaIcuIator
The First Mechanical Computer: The Difference Engine
Lelbnlz someLlmes called Lhe lasL unlversal genlus lnvenLed aL leasL
Lwo Lhlngs LhaL are essenLlal for Lhe modern world ca|cu|us and
b|nary ar|thmet|cs based on blLs
The Father of Calculus
Lelbnlz compuLer Lhe step teckooet %1671)
feaLured a sLepped drum whlch found use ln
numerous subsequenL compuLers
@abu|at|ng Mach|ne Company Perman PollerlLh forms Lhe
1abulaLlng Machlne Company whlch laLer becomes l8M
The Hollerith Machine
1he on Neumann arch|tecture ls a
deslgn model for a sLoredprogram
dlglLal compuLer LhaL uses a cenLral
processlng unlL %Cu) and a slngle
separaLe sLorage sLrucLure %memory)
Lo hold boLh lnsLrucLlons and daLa lL ls
named afLer Lhe maLhemaLlclan and
early compuLer sclenLlsL !ohn von
neumann
The rchitecture of Modern Computer"
The Evolution Of the Computer Age
A qenerotion refers Lo Lhe sLaLe of lmprovemenL ln Lhe developmenL
of a producL 1hls Lerm ls also used ln Lhe dlfferenL advancemenLs of
compuLer Lechnology WlLh each new generaLlon Lhe clrculLry has
goLLen smaller and more advanced Lhan Lhe prevlous generaLlon before
lL
As a resulL of Lhe m|n|atur|zat|on speed power and memory of
compuLers has proporLlonally lncreased new dlscoverles are
consLanLly belng developed LhaL affecL Lhe way we llve work and play
@he I|rst Generat|on @he
Vacuum @ube Age (194619S8)
1he vacuum Lube used up Lo Lhls Llme ln almosL all Lhe compuLers and calculaLlng
machlnes had been lnvenLed by Amerlcan physlclsL Lee De Iorest ln 1906
vacuum Lubes were hlghly lnefflclenL requlred a greaL deal of space and needed Lo be
replaced ofLen CompuLers of Lhe 1940s and 30s had 18000 Lubes ln Lhem and houslng
all Lhese Lubes and coollng Lhe rooms from Lhe heaL produced by 18000 Lubes was noL
cheap
@he acuum tube was an extreme|y |mportant step |n the adancement of
computers Vacuum tubes were |nented the same t|me the ||ght bu|b was lnvenLed
by 1homas Ldlson and worked very slmllar Lo llghL bulbs lLs purpose was Lo acL llke an
omp/ifier and a switch WlLhouL any movlng parLs vacuum Lubes could Lake very weak
slgnals and make Lhe slgnal sLronger %omp/ify it) vacuum Lubes could also sLop and
sLarL Lhe flow of elecLrlclLy lnsLanLly %switch)
NIAC
uevelopmenL of Lhe glanL LnlAC machlne
by !ohn W Mauchly and ! resper LckerL aL
Lhe unlverslLy of ennsylvanla
LnlAC %LlecLrlcal numerlcal lnLegraLor and
CompuLer) used a word of 10 declmal dlglLs
lnsLead of blnary ones llke prevlous
auLomaLed calculaLors/compuLers
LnlAC also was Lhe flrsL machlne Lo use
more Lhan 2000 vacuum Lubes uslng nearly
18000 vacuum Lubes SLorage of all Lhose
vacuum Lubes and Lhe machlnery requlred Lo
keep Lhe cool Look up over 167 square
meLers %1800 square feeL) of floor space
DVAC
LuvAC %LlecLronlc ulscreLe varlable
AuLomaLlc CompuLer) was Lo be a vasL
lmprovemenL upon LnlAC
Mauchly and LckerL sLarLed worklng on
lL Lwo years before LnlAC even wenL lnLo
operaLlon 1helr ldea was Lo have Lhe
program for Lhe compuLer sLored lnslde
Lhe compuLer 1hls would be posslble
because LuvAC was golng Lo have more
lnLernal memory Lhan any oLher
compuLlng devlce Lo daLe
I|rst Generat|on Computers
CompuLer 1
sL
generaLlon was ln Lhe 1940s and slnce Lhen a servlce of
radlcal break Lhrough of elecLronlc deslgn has occurred wlLh each ma[or
breakLhrough of compuLer based upon Lhe older form of elecLronlc deslgn
belng replaced by a new form and Lhls ls called compuLer generaLlons 1he
1
sL
generaLlon of compuLer was Lhese compuLers whose archlLecLure was
based on masslve elecLronlc valve %vacuum Lube) eg elecLronlcally dlglLal
vacuum compuLers unlversal vacuum compuLer unvAC
Cther character|st|cs of 1
st
generat|on Computers
1 1hese compuLers uses vacuum Lube for daLa processlng and sLorage
2 1hey had a memory slze of 20byLes speed of 3mbps
3 1hey produced a loL of heaL
4 1hese compuLers were unrellable and could noL work fasL wlLh
3 a loL of daLa
6 1hey uses punch card for daLa sLorage
7 1he programmer were machlne dependenL
8 llrsL generaLlon consume a loL of power
ln 1947 Lhree sclenLlsLs ohn 8ardeen W||||am Shock|ey
and Wa|ter 8ratta|n worklng aL A@@s 8e|| Labs lnvenLed
whaL would replace Lhe vacuum Lube forever 1hls lnvenLlon
was Lhe trans|stor whlch funcLlons llke a vacuum Lube ln LhaL
lL can be used Lo relay and swlLch elecLronlc slgnals
1he LranslsLor was fasLer more rellable smaller and much
cheaper Lo bulld Lhan a vacuum Lube Cne LranslsLor
replaced Lhe equlvalenL of 40 vacuum Lubes 1hese
LranslsLors were made of solld maLerlal some of whlch ls
s|||con an abundanL elemenL %second only Lo oxygen) found
ln beach sand and glass 1herefore Lhey were very cheap Lo
produce
1ranslsLors were found Lo conduct e|ectr|c|ty faster and
better Lhan vacuum Lubes 1hey were also much sma||er and
gave off vlrLually no heat compared Lo vacuum Lubes 1helr
use marked a new beglnnlng for Lhe compuLer
@he Second Generat|on 19S91964
(@he @rans|stor Age)
Second Generat|on of Computer
2
nd
CeneraLlon compuLers were more rellable and fasLer ln
performance %read and wrlLe operaLlons) Lhan Lhe 1
sL
generaLlon
whlch was masslve lnsLead of valves slmple LranslsLors were used ln
deslgn eg A1LAS compuLers
Character|st|cs of 2
nd
generat|on computers
1 Were capable of LranslaLlng process and sLore daLa
2 Pad goL memory slze of 32byLes speed of 10mbps
3 Were rellable compared Lo flrsL generaLlon compuLers
4 roduced less heaL compared Lo flrsL generaLlon compuLers
3 1hey uses punch card for daLa sLorage
6 Consumed less energy compared Lo flrsL generaLlon compuLers
@he @h|rd Generat|on 196S1970
(Integrated C|rcu|ts Age)
1he |ntegrated c|rcu|t or as lL ls someLlmes referred Lo as sem|conductor
ch|p packs a huge number of LranslsLors onLo a slngle wafer of s|||con
kobert Noyce and Iack k||by of @exas Instruments lndependenLly dlscovered
Lhe amazlng aLLrlbuLes of lnLegraLed clrculLs laclng such large numbers of
LranslsLors on a slngle chlp vasLly lncreased Lhe power of a slngle compuLer
and lowered lLs cosL conslderably
Slnce Lhe lnvenLlon of lnLegraLed clrculLs Lhe number of LranslsLors LhaL can
be placed on a slngle chlp has doub|ed every two years shrlnklng boLh Lhe
slze and cosL of compuLers even furLher and furLher enhanclng lLs
power MosL elecLronlc devlces Loday use some form of lnLegraLed clrculLs
placed on prlnLed c|rcu|t boards Lhln pleces of bake||te or f|berg|ass LhaL
have elecLrlcal connecLlons eLched onLo Lhem someLlmes called a mother
board
1hese Lhlrd generaLlon compuLers could carry ouL lnsLrucLlons ln bllllonLhs of
a second 1he slze of Lhese machlnes dropped Lo Lhe slze of small flle cablneLs
@h|rd generat|on Computers
Were more powerful rellable and more compaLlble ln whlch slmple
lnLegraLed clrculLs were lnLroduced 1hey emerged ln early 1960s and
examples are l8M 360 Serles
Cther character|st|cs of th|rd generat|on
1 1hey used lnLegraLed clrculL%lc) Lo sLore daLa
2 1he lnLegraLed clrculL conslsLed of many LranslsLors
3 uses sLorage dlsk for daLa sLorage eg magneLlc dlsks Lapes
4 1hlrd generaLlon compuLers were more rellable compared Lo oLher
prevlous generaLlons
3 1hey produced less heaL
@he Iourth Generat|on 1971
present (@he M|croprocessor Age)
1hls generaLlon can be characLerlzed by boLh Lhe [ump Lo mono||th|c
|ntegrated c|rcu|ts %m||||ons of trans|stors puL onLo one lnLegraLed
clrculL chlp) and Lhe lnvenLlon of Lhe m|croprocessor %o sinq/e chip thot
cou/d do o// the processinq of o fu//sco/e computer) 8y puLLlng
mllllons of LranslsLors onLo one slngle chlp more calculaLlon and fasLer
speeds could be reached by compuLers 8ecause elecLrlclLy Lravels
abouL a fooL ln a bllllonLh of a second Lhe smaller Lhe dlsLance Lhe
greaLer Lhe speed of compuLers
oweer what rea||y tr|ggered the tremendous growth of computers
and |ts s|gn|f|cant |mpact on our ||es |s the |nent|on of the
m|croprocessor @ed off employed by Inte| %kobert Noyces new
company) lnvenLed a chlp Lhe slze of a pencll eraser LhaL could do all
Lhe compuLlng and loglc work of a compuLer 1he mlcroprocessor was
made Lo be used ln calculaLors noL compuLers lL led however Lo Lhe
lnvenLlon of personal compuLers or mlcrocompuLers
Iourth Generat|on Computers
1hese are compuLers ln use Loday Lhey use sophlsLlcaLed mlcro
elecLronlc devlces
1 1hese compuLers uses mlcro processors Lo process daLa
2 1he mlcro processors are slngle chlp whlch perform compuLer
operaLlon
3 rograms are machlne lndependenL
4 Were more rellable
Lxamples lncludes persona| computers
@he I|fth Generat|on present and
beyond (@he Connect||ty Age)
llfLh generaLlon compuLlng devlces based on arLlflclal lnLelllgence
are sLlll ln developmenL Lhough Lhere are some appllcaLlons such as
volce recognlLlon LhaL are belng used Loday 1he use of parallel
processlng and superconducLors ls helplng Lo make arLlflclal
lnLelllgence a reallLy CuanLum compuLaLlon and molecular and
nanoLechnology wlll radlcally change Lhe face of compuLers ln years
Lo come 1he goal of flfLhgeneraLlon compuLlng ls Lo develop
devlces LhaL respond Lo naLural language lnpuL and are capable of
learnlng and selforganlzaLlon
1hese are predlcLlons LhaL by early 21
sL
cenLury compuLers wlll have
developed LhaL wlll be able Lo converse wlLh people human
communlcaLlon WlLh Lhe flfLh generaLlon Lhere wlll be arLlflclal
lnLelllgenL compuLers