ANALYSIS 0F B0X

uIRBER BRIBuE
)
Evolution of Box Cirder
W As Lhe spans lncreased Lhe deslgn depLh of slab ls also
lncreased
W 1he maLerlal near cenLer of gravlLy conLrlbuLes very llLLle for
flexure and hence can be removed
W 1he webs of beams geL opened ouL spreadlng radlally from
Lop slab under hlgh Lransverse bendlng Lhese wlll no longer
be ln Lhelr orlglnal poslLlon
Auvantages of box giiuei
biiuges
W 1he very large 1orslonal rlgldlLy of Lhe box glrder's closed
cellular secLlon provldes sLrucLures beneaLh ls more
aesLheLlcally pleaslng Lhan openweb Lype sysLem
W lL ls used for larger spans wlLh wlde crosssecLlon lL can be
used for spans up Lo 130m
Cne of Lhe maln dlsadvanLages of box decks ls LhaL Lhey are
dlfflculL Lo casL lnslLu due Lo Lhe lnaccesslblllLy of Lhe boLLom
slab
Suitability
W ox glrder brldges are malnly chosen for spans of 23m and
above
W lor economlc reasons more Lhan Lhree cells are rare ln Lhe
modern day of deslgn
W lor slngle cellular box secLlon canLllever arm lengLh ls equal
Lo 043 Llmes Lhe dlsLance beLween Lhe webs
W lor more Lhan 4 lane brldges lL ls preferable Lo separaLe Lhe
brldge ln Lwo unlLs
Analysis of biiuge
upersLrucLure analysls
ubsLrucLure analysls
loundaLlon analysls
ypes of loaus
W l uead loads
W ll Llve loads
W lll lmpacL or dynamlc effecL of llve load
W lv Wlnd load
W v LonglLudlnal load
W vl CenLrlfugal force due Lo curvaLure
W vll elsmlc forces
Live loau
W 1o glve Lhe deslgners Lhe ablllLy Lo accuraLely model Lhe llve
load on a sLrucLure hypoLheLlcal vehlcles were evolved by l8C
long ago ln 1946 1he loads are caLegorlzed based on Lhelr
conflguraLlon and lnLenslLy 1hey are explalned below
W IkC c|ass AA |oad|ng
W IkC c|ass A |oad|ng
W IkC c|ass 8 |oad|ng
IRC CLASS AA L0ABINu
1he mlnlmum clear dlsLance of class AA wheel edge from Lhe
fooLpaLh edge ls 12m
W lmpacL loadlng
l
f
A/(+L)
A consLanL 43
consLanL 6
L span ln m
W CenLrlfugal force
CWv
2
1278
eismic forces
1hese forces depend on Lhe geographlc locaLlon of Lhe brldge Llke Lhe
llve loads of Lhe vehlcles selsmlc loads are Lemporary loads on a
sLrucLure whlch acL for a shorL duraLlon An earLhquake can exerL
forces on a brldge whlch are deflned as a funcLlon of Lhe followlng
facLors
W uead load of Lhe sLrucLure
W Cround moLlon
W erlod of vlbraLlon
W naLure of soll
As per l8C
PorlzonLal force owlng Lo earLhquake Ah *W
Ah elsmlc coefflclenL for Lhe reglon
W welghL of Lhe dead load and llve load acLlng

Analysis of supeistiuctuie
W 1he loadlng of Lhe box glrder can be converLed lnLo sysLem of
symmeLrlc and asymmeLrlc loadlng
W LonglLudlnal bendlng sLress
W 1ransverse bendlng sLresses
W 1orslon and dlsLorslon
oision anu uistoision
W 1he force can be separaLed lnLo Lwo componenLs a palr of
symmeLrlc verLlcal loads and a force couple
W 1orslon ls reslsLed ln a box secLlon by a shear flow around Lhe
whole perlmeLer
W couple ls separaLed lnLo Lwo parLs represenLlng pure Lorslon
and dlsLorLlon
W 1orque ls ;/2 and Lhe shear flow ls ;/4
Bistoision effect
W 1he dlsLorLlonal forces are Lendlng Lo lncrease Lhe lengLh of
one dlagonal and shorLen Lhe oLher
W eam on an elasLlc foundaLlon (l) analogy ls frequenLly
used Lo evaluaLe Lhe dlsLorLlonal effecLs
Beam on elastic founuation analogy
W When box glrder sub[ecLed Lo unsymmeLrlcal loadlng leadlng
Lo dlsLorslon whlch glves Lransverse deformaLlon
1hls deformaLlon was reslsLed by ad[acenL Lransverse secLlon so
Lhls deformaLlon becomes zero wlLh ln a shorL dlsLance
W 1he reslsLance supporL glven by ad[acenL cross secLlon Lo
reslsL Lransverse deformaLlon ls elasLlc
W Pence Lhe behavlor of box cell due Lo dlsLorslon ls analogues
Lo beam on elasLlc foundaLlon
W 1hls reduclng deformaLlon along lengLh of beam produce
longlLudlnal curvaLure leadlng Lo warplng sLresses
Analysis of substiuctuie
W 1wo ma[or componenLs
AbuLmenLs
lers
Abutments
aslc funcLlons
W upporLlng Lhe brldge deck aL Lhe end
W 8eLalnlng Lhe approach road embankmenL
W ConnecLlng Lhe approach road Lo Lhe brldge deck
ypes of abutments
W CravlLy AbuLmenL
W u AbuLmenL
W Lub AbuLmenL
W CounLerforL AbuLmenL
Stability analysis of abutments
W ulmenslons of Lhe abuLmenL such as Lop wldLh boLLom wldLh
fronL baLLers and back baLLers are flxed flrsL
W oLLom wldLh should be such LhaL Lo creaLe sufflclenL self
welghL Lo enable sLablllLy
W ln any case boLLom wldLh should noL be less Lhan 04 Llmes
Lhe helghL
inimum top wiuth foi pieis anu abutments
(foi giiuei biiuges as pei IRC)
an(m) 3m 6m 12m 24m 40m S0m and
above
1op wldLh for
slmply
supporLed
spans(m)
03 1 12 16 20 22
1op wldLh for
conLlnuous
spans(m)
04 073 100 130 170 190
W
ieis
W lers are subsLrucLures locaLed aL Lhe ends of brldge spans aL
lnLermedlaLe polnLs beLween Lhe abuLmenLs
nct|ons of the |ers
W Lo Lransfer Lhe supersLrucLure verLlcal loads Lo Lhe foundaLlon
W Lo reslsL all horlzonLal and Lransverse forces acLlng on Lhe
brldge
ypes of ieis
W olld pler
W Cellular pler
W 1resLle 8C pler
W Pammer Pead Lype pler
W olld and cellular plers for rlver brldges are provlded wlLh
semlclrcular cuLwaLers Lo faclllLaLe and sLreamllned flow
W Pammerhead Lype plers are lncreaslngly used ln urban
elevaLed hlghway appllcaLlons as lL provldes slender
subsLrucLure wlLh open and freeflowlng percepLlon Lo Lhe
moLorlsLs uslng Lhe road below
Analysis of ieis
W Analysls of pler ls carrled ouL conslderlng varlous forces and
loads LransmlLLed from Lhe supersLrucLure and forces acLlng
dlrecLly on Lhe pler
Loads on pler
W uead loads and llve loads
W uoyancy effecL
W Wlnd forces
W Wave forces
W LonglLudlnal forces
W elsmlc effecL
Analysis of founuation
W normally for brldges we wlll adopL Well foundaLlon or lle
foundaLlon
Je|| fondat|on vs ||e fondat|on
W Well foundaLlons provlde a solld and masslve foundaLlon for
heavy loads as agalnsL a clusLer of plles whlch are slender and
weak lndlvldually and are llable Lo geL damaged when hlL by
floaLlng Lrees or boulders
W lles can noL be drlven Lhrough soll havlng boulders
W 1he slze of well foundaLlons cannoL be reduced lndeflnlLely as
Lhe dredge hole musL be enough Lo enable a grab Lo work
W Wells are hollow aL Lhe cenLer and mosL of Lhe maLerlal ls aL
Lhe perlphery 1hls provldes a large secLlon modulus wlLh Lhe
mlnlmum crosssecLlonal area
ypes of Well founuations
Analysis of well founuation
W lasLlc Lheory
1he elasLlc Lheory glves Lhe soll pressure ln Lhe sldes and Lhe base of
Lhe well under deslgn loads
AssumpLlons under elasLlc Lheory
W 1he soll surroundlng Lhe well and below Lhe base ls perfecLly elasLlc
homogeneous and obeys Pookes law
W 1he well ls assumed Lo be a rlgld body sub[ecLed Lo an exLernal
unldlrecLlonal horlzonLal force P and momenL M aL scour level
W Maxlmum and mlnlmum base pressure glven by
W LoLal downward load acLlng on Lhe well
M applled exLernal momenL abouL base of well
M/r
8(ul)/(2*lv)
W Where
W l

momenL of lnerLla of base abouL an axls normal Lo Lhe dlrecLlon of horlzonLal

forces and passlng Lhough Lhe CC of Lhe well
W l
v
momenL of lnerLla of Lhe pro[ecLed area ln elevaLlon of Lhe soll mass offerlng laLeral
reslsLance
W Lu
3
/12
W m kP/k 8aLlo of horlzonLal Lo verLlcal coefflclenL of sub grade reacLlon aL base of
well ln Lhe absence of values for kP and k deLermlned by fleld LesLs m shall generally be assumed
Lo be unlLy
W Lan where ls Lhe angle of wall frlcLlon beLween well and Lhe soll