green.economical.

future
Mayank Batra ME - 1508311 NCCE

Gas prices/Oil Market

Oil currently around $80/barrel. Projections have oil hitting $110/barrel in few years.

Environment
Extraction of fossil fuels cause a lot of pollution. Burning of fossil fuels contributes a lot towards greenhouse effect. Need of eco-friendly energy source is the need of the hour.

Moreover supply of fossil fuels is limited. And we are running out of

sources.

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Uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power.

Include hydrogen fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other transportation vehicles.

As of now, there are two methods/technologies of using hydrogen as a fuel in vehicles. These are: Fuel Cells Internal Combustion Engines

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Hydrogen does not come as a pre-existing source of energy. First produced and then stored as a carrier, much like a battery. Hydrogen for vehicle uses needs to be produced using either renewable or non-renewable energy sources.

The molecular hydrogen needed can be produced by many thermochemical methods like

Coal gasification Biomass gasification

Thermolysis
Biological hydrogen production From water by Electrolysis
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Two storage options:

1.

Produce the hydrogen on the ground and then store it onboard the
vehicle (the direct hydrogen option)

2.

Produce the hydrogen on the vehicle by means of a tiny onboard

hydrogen plant (the onboard fuel processor option)

Hydrogen FCs 2 times as efficient as internal combustion Internal combustion efficiency 15-25%

Hydrogen FCs 50-60%

Estimates that FC Vehicles can achieve equivalent of 80 miles/gallon gasoline.
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Internal Combustion Hydrogen Engines

Slightly modified form of internal combustion engine

Burns hydrogen, produces pure water exhaust 100% Eco-Friendly Cheap to produce and maintain Serious range problems Low efficiency Leakage maybe a problem Still under testing phases

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A BMW concept of an Internal Combustion Engine

Above diagram illustrates a Internal Combustion Hydrogen Engine concept by one of the leading vehicle manufacturer BMW. The illustration shows an engine similar to the current Internal Combustion Engines that use Gasoline or Petrol as fuel.
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The hydrogen 7 developed by BMW uses hydrogen as a fuel. The car utilizes an Internal combustion engine (discussed in previous slide) that runs on hydrogen. The car is still in the concept phase and is worked upon. Since the cost of Manufacturing is still high and we are still looking for a better way to use hydrogen, Expect some delay before you see this car on road.

Snapshots showing Hydrogen 7

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An old idea whose time has come Fuel cells invented in 1838 by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schnbein

Aspects of engines as well as batteries No pollution emitted

Proton Exchange Membrane FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, buildings &
much smaller applications

Reliable, old and useful technology.

Like an engine, a fuel cell will run as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied.
Like a battery, it produces electricity by electrochemical reactions

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Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion, its safe and eco-friendly

It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.

Internal Combustion Engines that run on hydrogen are still undergoing research phase and we still dont know when the technology will be ready to be used on a commercial scale.

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A Fuel Cell consists of two catalyst coated electrodes

surrounding an electrolyte

One electrode is an anode and the other is a cathode The process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter the anode

It operates similarly to a battery, but it does not run down nor does it require recharging

The catalyst coating separates

hydrogens negatively charged

electrons from the positively charged protons

As long as fuel is supplied, a Fuel Cell will produce both energy and heat

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While the electrons pass through the external circuit, oxygen

molecules pass through the

cathode

There the oxygen and the protons combine with the electrons after they have passed through the external circuit

The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through to the cathode, but not the electrons

When the oxygen and the

Instead the electrons are directed

through an external circuit which creates electrical current

protons combine with the

electrons it produces water and heat

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Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but designed for continuous replenishment of energy via external fuel

Many different types of fuel

cells, most common will likely

Individual fuel cells can then be placed in a series to form a fuel cell stack

be the PEM FC Hydrogen and oxygen in, water

The stack can be used in a system to power a vehicle or to provide stationary power to a building

vapor and liquid water out

Typical output is about .8 volts

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 This is the leading cell type for

passenger car application

Uses a polymer membrane as the electrolyte Operates at a relatively low

temperature, about 175 degrees

Has a high power density, can vary its output quickly and is suited for applications where

quick startup is required making

it popular for automobiles Sensitive to fuel impurities
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In order to produce enough voltage, cells are grouped into stacks

A hydrogen fuel cell automobile would have at least 45 cells in a stack

Hydrogen is stored and injected in either liquid or gas form

Many cells, but only output is

still liquid and vapor water

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Most abundant element Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe, which makes up about 3/4 of all matter

Hydrogen has the highest energy content. Energy content of hydrogen is the highest per unit of weight of any fuel. Therefore it offers the most "bang for the buck".

Hydrogen is non-polluting. Along with it's effectiveness as a fuel, hydrogen is non-polluting. The only byproduct of hydrogen when it burns is heat and water.

Hydrogen is renewable source of energy. It can be regenerated right

from its combustion by-product.

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Hydrogen is an energy carrier rather than an energy source. While hydrogen always exists in conjunction with other elements, such as in water, it must be separated from these elements and is therefore considered an energy carrier, as opposed to an energy source.

Costly to convert to liquid. Because hydrogen is a gas, it cannot be

compressed into a liquid form without intensive cost and energy input.

Fossil Fuels May be Needed to Produce Hydrogen. By the same token, other methods to produce hydrogen must use energy to separate the hydrogen from the oxygen.

The Hydrogen Hazard Stereotype. By its very nature, hydrogen is very powerful. Who has not heard of the hydrogen bomb?

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We should aggressively pursue hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

There are definite issues, but nothing compared to the economic, political
and environmental issues associated with being wholly dependent on oil.

Large dependency on fossil fuels and rising price of fuel prices is enough to burn a hole in the countrys pocket.

Countries will need to look beyond the sticker price.

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http://wikipedia.org http://howstuffworks.com http://fuelcellworks.com http://planetforlife.com http://fi.edu http://hydrogencarsnow.com

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